An Ocean Apart: Chinese American Segregated Burials

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-128
Author(s):  
Sue Fawn Chung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Chinese American ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
The West ◽  
Home Town ◽  
The Pacific

As early as 1781 the Chinese began migrating to the American Pacific coast and those who passed away usually were buried in unmarked graves. Economic opportunities attracting more immigration in the nineteenth century coincided with the rise of labor unions and anti-Chinese movements. Riots against the Chinese and occupational hazards resulted in hundreds, if not thousands, of deaths. Since Confucianism dictated the rituals for funerals and burials for many Chinese Americans, the ideal between 1870 and the 1930s was to be buried across the Pacific in one’s home town or village. For those who remained in the United States, segregated cemeteries were established until the 1970s. Chinese traditions of grave offerings and reverence for ancestors in the spring and fall continued. Events between 1931 and 1970 stopped the repatriation of bones, but in recent years high cost of travel and cemeteries in China has increased the practice of exhuming remains and bringing them back across the Pacific for a final re-burial in the West.

scholarly journals A Climatology of 500-hPa Closed Lows in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1948–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1578-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina S. Oakley ◽  
Kelly T. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northeastern Pacific

AbstractThe northeastern Pacific Ocean is a preferential location for the formation of closed low pressure systems. These slow-moving, quasi-barotropic systems influence vertical stability and sustain a moist environment, giving them the potential to produce or affect sustained precipitation episodes along the west coast of the United States. They can remain motionless or change direction and speed more than once and thus often pose difficult forecast challenges. This study creates an objective climatological description of 500-hPa closed lows to assess their impacts on precipitation in the western United States and to explore interannual variability and preferred tracks. Geopotential height at 500 hPa from the NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis dataset was used at 6-h and 2.5° × 2.5° resolution for the period 1948–2011. Closed lows displayed seasonality and preferential durations. Time series for seasonal and annual event counts were found to exhibit strong interannual variability. Composites of the tracks of landfalling closed lows revealed preferential tracks as the features move inland over the western United States. Correlations of seasonal event totals for closed lows with ENSO indices, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern suggested an above-average number of events during the warm phase of ENSO and positive PDO and PNA phases. Precipitation at 30 U.S. Cooperative Observer stations was attributed to closed-low events, suggesting 20%–60% of annual precipitation along the West Coast may be associated with closed lows.

The Pacific Ocean as Highway to Gold Mountain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Sinn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

This chapter takes a broad look at the Pacific Ocean in relation to Chinese migration. As trade, consumption and capital flows followed migrants, powerful networks were woven and sustained; in time, the networks fanned across the Pacific from British Columbia along the West Coast of the United States to New Zealand and Australia. The overlapping personal, family, financial and commercial interests of Chinese in California and those in Hong Kong, which provide the focus of this study, energized the connections and kept the Pacific busy and dynamic while shaping the development of regions far beyond its shores. The ocean turned into a highway for Chinese seeking Gold Mountain, marking a new era in the history of South China, California, and the Pacific Ocean itself.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Denson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Government ◽  
National Council ◽  
Cherokee Nation ◽  
The West ◽  
Historic Site ◽  
History Of

This book began with tourism. In the summer of 1994, a friend and I drove from Bloomington, Indiana, where I attended graduate school, to Florida for a short vacation. As we sped along Interstate 75 through northern Georgia, I spotted a brown roadside sign announcing that, at the next exit, we would find New Echota, a state historic site interpreting the history of the Cherokee Nation. For a brief time in the early nineteenth century, New Echota was the Cherokee capital, the seat of the national government created by tribal leaders in the 1820s. The Cherokee National Council met at New Echota in the years prior to removal, and it was the site of the Cherokee Supreme Court. During a time when the United States and the state of Georgia pressured Cherokees to emigrate to the West, the new capital represented the Cherokees’ determination to remain in their homeland. It was also the place where, in late 1835, a small group of tribal leaders signed the treaty under which the United States forced the Cherokee Nation to remove. I had recently become interested in the history of Cherokee sovereignty and nationhood, and I concluded that I should prob ably know about this heritage attraction. We pulled off the highway and followed the signs to the site....

Shund and the Tabloids: Jewish Popular Reading in Inter-War Poland

2003 ◽  
pp. 188-212
Author(s):  
Nathan Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Tabloid Press

This chapter describes Jewish popular reading in inter-war Poland, looking at shund and the Polish tabloid press. In the first third of the twentieth century, as the Polish press was developing rapidly, sensationalist newspapers began to proliferate. While this type of press had been widespread in the United States and western Europe since the middle of the nineteenth century, it first emerged in Poland only in 1910, with Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny (Illustrated Daily Courier) in Kraków. In Warsaw, the first tabloid newspapers, Kurier Informacyjny i Telegraficzny (Information and Telegraphic Courier) and Ekspres Poranny (Morning Express), appeared in 1922. In 1926, Kurier Informacyjny i Telegraficzny changed its name, now printed in red, to Kurier Czerwony (Red Courier). In time, the colour red became emblematic of sensationalist newspapers in Poland, and they were nicknamed czerwoniaki (Reds), similar to the ‘yellow’ press in the West.

4. A Constabulary Navy

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Border

After 1820, the day-to-day duties of the United States Navy involved dealing with smugglers, pirates, and the illegal slave trade and so deploying the large ships of the line was deemed unnecessary. Also, the successful completion of treaties with both England and Spain demilitarized the Great Lakes and stabilized the country’s southern border, easing concerns about a future foreign war. ‘A constabulary navy: pirates, slavers, and manifest destiny (1820–1850)’ describes the peacetime navy activities carried out by small squadrons of sloops and schooners acting as a constabulary force on distant stations abroad, mainly in the Mediterranean, but also in the West Indies, off Africa, in the Pacific, off Brazil, and in the East.

China and the United States: Business, Technology, and Networks, 1914–1941

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-141
Author(s):  
Wu Lin-chun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chinese American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Technology

This paper studies the activities of American enterprises, technology, and related business organizations and engineering groups in China from the outbreak of World War i to the Pacific War and explains how these activities helped establish connections between China and the world. It borrows the concept of “networks” from Professor Sherman Cochran’s extraordinary book titled Encountering Chinese Networks, but broadens the scope of the term to include activity at the level of management and competition, as well as placing Sino-American relations in transnational perspective. Using a multi-archival approach to examine China’s major attempts at internationalization, this article focuses on the cases of the American Asiatic Association, the American Chamber of Commerce of China, and the Association of Chinese and American Engineers to show how these networks played important roles in the development of Chinese-American relations. It also discusses the issues of standardization, “scientific management,” and professionalism of entrepreneurs and engineers in influencing network making.

The Mediaeval Cultural Heritage of the Mid-European Area

1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-507
Author(s):  
Francis Dvornik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The West ◽  
European Area ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
History Of

Interest in Slavic and mid-European studies,* so long neglected, is growing considerably in the United States. Unfortunately it concentrates mostly on modern history. In Slavic studies, too much time is often devoted to the history of Russia since the Revolution, and to the analysis of the new social and political order established in that country under the influence of non-Slavic social ideas which had originated in the West, and especially in Germany (K. Marx and Lasalle) in the nineteenth century. The earlier evolution of Russia, other Slav nations, and their mid-European neighbors, is still undeservedly neglected. It is a mistake. In the Middle Ages, the Slavic nations, the Hungarians, and the Rumanians played a prominent role in the civilizing of Europe. The memories of their glorious past helped the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Bulgars, Magyars, Rumanians and also the small Albanian nation to survive the difficult period of oppression by foreign rulers and inspired their national leaders in their fight for independence and freedom.

CIVILIZING HAWAII: ISABELLA BIRD BISHOP IN THE SANDWICH ISLANDS

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-370
Author(s):  
Precious McKenzie Stearns
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
China And Japan

Nineteenth-century male European travel writers sometimes romanticize their destinations and dream they have arrived in untouched lands. The Hawaii Isabella Bird visited, however, was not an idyllic land, forgotten by time. Early in the nineteenth century, steamships crossed the Pacific, carrying goods and people from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, China, and Japan. The trade in sandalwood and fur brought many foreign steamships into Hawaii (Kuykendall 15). It was not uncommon for American missionaries to arrive in Hawaii via whaling ships that stopped in Hawaii (Kuykendall 16, 41). Hawaii, with its position between mainland America and Asia, was a valuable and strategic piece of property. Isabella Bird Bishop's 1875 travel memoir The Hawaiian Archipelago: Six months Among the Palm Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands comments on the political situation the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) faced in the nineteenth century.

Cornish Emigrants and America

1959 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
John Rowe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Considerable Contribution ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
American Way ◽  
Geographic Remoteness

Among the immigrant groups which made a considerable contribution to the development of the United States and of the American way of life the Cornish people must be reckoned. Older accounts of the mining, camps of the Pacific Coast actually enumerate the “Cornish nationality” among the races that thronged to the gold and silver diggings. Yet, throughout the nineteenth century, British, census returns reveal that there were rarely more than a third of a million Cornish folk in the “old country”, and after 1861 their numbers declined. Yet this people impressed themselves upon the American scene, even on some of its most superficial observers, and this for a variety of reasons, apart from the local provincialisms created by geographic remoteness and physical difficulties of communication in the homeland until well into the “railway age”.

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