scholarly journals Some Diachronic Phonological changes from Proto-Kuki-Chin to Lutuv

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Samson Alexander Lotven
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Class A ◽  
Dissertation Research ◽  
Structure Simplification ◽  
Diachronic Development

Lutuv (Lautu) is a Kuki-Chin language that VanBik (2009) places in the Maraic branch alongside Zophei, Mara, Senthang, and Zotung. Lutuv is of particular interest to the diachronic development of Maraic languages in that it is geographically central in the Maraic-speaking area, but shows some differences in historical development from its neighbors. This project is based on my dissertation research on Zophei and was first presented to Dr. Kelly Berkson’s Field Methods class on Lutuv in order to offer researchers of Lutuv (like those in the field methods class) a finer grained look at the diachronic development of syllable rhymes in Lutuv, specifically in comparison with the most closely related Kuki-Chin languages Zophei and Mara. The data set this paper is published separately in this volume as Lexical correspondences between Proto-Kuki-Chin, Hakha Lai, and six Maraic varieties(Lotven, 2020). This research is presented here to be of use to other Lutuv researchers, researchers of Kuki-Chin more broadly, and historical phonologists interested in rhyme development and syllable structure simplification.

scholarly journals Methodological Procedure For Pre-Investment Wind Farm Ornithological Monitoring Based On Collision Risk Estimation

Ring ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30
Author(s):  
Przemysław Busse
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Collision Risk ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Number Of Individuals

ABSTRACT Even though the proportion of wind farm victims compared to general bird species mortality is relatively low, there is necessity to limit direct and indirect losses to the bird populations caused by this kind of human activity. Estimation of threats to the birds resulting from building of wind farms is a very difficult task and it must take into account several constrains. The basic task is to build farms in localities that are the safest to birds. This can be achieved by pre-investment monitoring and direct observations at the spot and then evaluation of potential threats and risks. Field methods typical for the studies on bird populations are usually applied in such monitoring. The procedure described below includes four steps: screening (starts the process and sets preliminary constrains of the location), monitoring (standardised data are collected at the location), estimations of potential collision risk and evaluation of the location. The key parameters determining collision risk of bird species are: (1) the number of individuals utilising the monitored area in different seasons, (2) air space utilization (height and directions of flights), as well as (3) characteristics of the species behaviour. The starting data set contains: species name, number of individuals, height of flight (three layers - below, in, above the rotor), and distance from the observer. The final estimation of the collision index (the most probable number of collisions per turbine a year) is based on (1) estimation of the total number of individuals that use the defined area during a year and (2) estimation of probability that the individual will collide. In the latter (i.e. 2) the most important is that birds can actively avoid passing through the rotor swept (active avoidance rate) and that even birds, which crossed the rotor swept area not necessarily will be killed. Calculations are performed for each species separately and then are summarised to get the farm index as well as season indices. Some values of indices for raptors studied at 76 localities in Poland are given in the table. The final evaluation of the site is made as shown in a parametric analysis table, discussion of cumulative and barrier effects and the discussion of species specific risk to species of high conservation concern.

Deflection in Flemish between the 13th and 20th centuries: An interplay between analogical and articulatory factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinel Gerritsen
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The West ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
West Flemish ◽  
Diachronic Development

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the linguistic embedding, transition, and actuation of the obliteration of the gerund ending -e in the West Flemish dialect of Bruges between the 13th and 20th centuries. The following factors appear to have played a part in the change: syllable structure of the verb, nasalization of the last consonant of the stem, and frequency of the verb. The study shows that deflection (loss of inflections) started in the 14th century and is almost complete today. There are strong indications that the obliteration of the gerund ending was originally caused by analogical factors, but that articulatory factors played a leading role in the ensuing centuries. The areal spread of the linguistic factors that condition the occurrence of the gerund ending in the dialects in the region around Bruges nowadays suggests that the diachronic development in Bruges is not idiosyncratic for Bruges but holds for a much larger area.

scholarly journals On the Strata Analysis of First Division Unrounded Finals of Xiè Rhyme Group in Proto Min and Related Issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-176
Author(s):  
Rui-wen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Six Dynasties ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Diachronic Development

This paper analyses the different phonological strata of first division unrounded finals of the Xiè Rhyme Group （蟹攝），specifically the Xai rhyme and Tài rhyme, in the finals system of proto-Min and explores the distinction between double rhymes in old Jiangdong dialects. Norman (1981) reconstructed five finals for Xai rhyme and Tài rhyme. They are:*əi for Xai 菜咍栽咍來咍 *oi for Xai 袋咍 *ɑi for Tài 帶泰蔡泰蓋泰 *uəi for Xai 改咍 *yəi for Xai 開咍 According to Norman’s reconstruction, there are four finals for the Xai rhyme but there is only one final for the Tài rhyme. Therefore, some issues need to be clarified. To begin with, what is the time sequence of those four forms of Xai? Additionally, three forms are reconstructed by one cognate in proto-Min. It is highly doubtful to regard those forms as a single stratum individually. Furthermore, the double rhymes, Xai and Tài, could be distinct in the Qieyun system but merged in most modern Chinese dialects. However, some southern dialects retain the distinction (refer to Cao et al. 2000, Wang 2004 and Wu 2005). How is the distinction of double rhymes expressed in proto-Min? It is worth examining those questions in depth.The methodology of this paper is the comparative method. We would like to expand Min dialectal material and find more reliable cognates to reexamine Norman’s finals of Xai and Tài. From the perspective of historical development, proto-Min has several different phonological strata. After thoughtful and cautious analysis, those strata could be an important reference for the reconstruction of both Middle Chinese and Old Chinese. An important aim of this paper is to reconstruct the Jiangdong dialect, a southern Chinese dialect used in the Six Dynasties period, using proto-Min and related common dialect systems.In conclusion: 1. both Xai and Tài could be reconstructed as two forms in the finals system of Proto-Min. In brief, *-əi and *-oi are for Xai; *-ɑi and *-ai are for Tài. 2. from a diachronic development viewpoint,the pattern *-oi: *-ai reveals the distinction of Xai and Tài, i.e. double rhyme, in the Six Dynasties Jiangdong dialect. 3. Relatedly, the pattern *-əi: *-ɑi could be traced to differences between the Zhi group （之部） and Jì group （祭部） in Old Chinese.

Multiple functions of the Cantonese ‘wait’ verb dang2 and their historical development

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-963
Author(s):  
Yik-Po Lai
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Hong Kong Cantonese ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
Verb Meaning ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Indirect Sources

Abstract The diachronic development of morphemes meaning ‘wait’ has not been well documented. This paper describes multiple functions of the ‘wait’ verb dang2 in Hong Kong Cantonese: (a) a verb meaning ‘be in need of’, (b) a permissive verb meaning ‘let’, (c) a causative verb meaning ‘cause’, (d) a temporal marker meaning ‘at, when’, (e) a particle for giving notice of a coming event, and (f) a subordinating conjunction signifying someone’s surprise. Four development paths are proposed to account for the multifunctionality: ‘wait’ > (a); ‘wait’ > (d); ‘wait’ > (b) > (e); and ‘wait’ > (c) > (f). This case draws attention to the potential of ‘wait’ morphemes to be employed to express various other abstract concepts and, furthermore, highlights the role of indirect sources in the theory of grammaticalization.

Intersubjectivity and the diachronic development of counterfactual almost

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Ziegeler
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Late Modern

Former studies have attributed little attention to the historical factors surrounding the development of counterfactual meanings in almost, though some refer to evidence of expletive negation found in proximatives crosslinguistically. In this study, the historical development of the adverb will be considered in investigating more recent data from Late Modern English, in which an overwhelming number of counterfactual uses appear with a complement referring to undesirable events, some even hyperbolic in nature. It is hypothesised that the presence of intersubjectivity contributed significantly to the development of counterfactual meanings, in focusing attention on the aversion of, rather than the proximity to, the event described in the complement. Intersubjectivity also explains the evidence of expletive negation in proximatives in other languages though this is not attested in the history of English almost.

scholarly journals Compressing Over-the-Counter Markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco D’Errico ◽  
Tarik Roukny
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Credit Default Swaps ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Credit Default ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Size And Structure

Over-the-counter markets are at the center of the global reform of the financial system. We show how the size and structure of these markets can undergo rapid and extensive changes when participants engage in portfolio compression, which is an optimization technology that exploits multilateral netting opportunities. We find that tightly knit and concentrated trading structures, as featured by many large over-the-counter markets, are especially susceptible to reductions of notional amounts and network reconfigurations resulting from compression activities. Using a unique transaction-level data set on credit-default-swaps markets, we estimate reduction levels, suggesting that the adoption of this technology can account for a large share of the historical development observed in these markets since the global financial crisis. Finally, we test the effect of a mandate to centrally clear over the counter markets in terms of size and structure. When participants engage in both central clearing and portfolio compression with the clearinghouse, we find large netting failures if clearinghouses proliferate. Allowing for compression across clearinghouses by and large offsets this adverse effect.

Five-Year Quality of Life Trajectories for Persons With Disabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Ho Kim ◽  
Juyoung Lee ◽  
Jill Bezyak
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Growth Mixture Modeling ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individuals With Disabilities ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Disabled

The current study identified the longitudinal quality of life (QOL) trajectories of individuals with disabilities as well as the predictors of those trajectories. It examined a secondary data set, the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled (PSED), conducted by the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled (KEAD). Data were gathered over 5 years from individuals with disabilities and analyzed using growth mixture modeling to identify the best QOL trajectory model. Covariates, physical dependence, experience of discrimination, emotional stability, self-esteem, religion, and degenerative type of disability were explored as trajectory predictors. Analysis revealed four latent classes: a high and stable QOL class, a high and varied QOL class, a low and stable QOL class, and a low and varied QOL class. Analysis of predictors indicated degenerative type of disability, physical dependence, discrimination, emotional stability, and self-esteem differentiated the high and stable QOL group from other groups. Significance, limitations, and implications for future practice and research are also discussed.

Conceptualizing Public Library Service to Newcomers in Canada

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Doctoral Dissertation ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Library Service ◽  
Dissertation Research ◽  
Nouveaux Arrivants

This doctoral dissertation research examines the historical development of public library services to newcomers in the context of immigration related policies such as settlement and multiculturalism (1945-2011). The analysis focuses on the ways that immigrants have been constituted in government and library policies and on the nature of services provided to them.Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur le développement des services en bibliothèque publique s’adressant aux nouveaux arrivants dans le contexte de politiques liées à l’immigration, notamment l’établissement et le multiculturalisme (1945-2011). L’analyse porte sur les façons dont les immigrants ont été constitués dans les politiques du gouvernement des bibliothèques et sur la nature des services qui leur étaient offerts.

Quantifying Dialect Similarity by Comparison of the Lexical Distribution of Phonemes

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 261-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
New Method ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Data Set

This paper describes a new method for quantifying the similarity of the lexical distribution of phonemes in different varieties of a language (in this case English). In addition to introducing the method, it discusses phonological problems which must be addressed if any comparison of this sort is to be attempted, and applies the method to a limited data set of varieties of English. Since the method assesses their structural similarity, it will be useful for analysing the historical development of varieties of English and the relationships (either as a result of common origin or of contact) that hold between them.

scholarly journals Minimum Data Set for EMS Report Form: Historical Development and Future Implications

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerris R. Hedges ◽  
Steven M. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minimum Data Set ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Minimum Data ◽  
Future Data ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Storage

AbstractReport forms are used by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems for documentation of services provided and for self-analysis of EMS functions. Although the EMS Systems Act of 1973 originally intended for the development and implementation of a uniform EMS report form, items recorded on EMS forms vary throughout the United States. We review the governmental sponsored development of a recommended minimum data set (MDS) for EMS forms performed in 1974, and discuss areas of needed investigation regarding data set development and usage. The concepts used to develop the recommended MDS provide a useful resource for review of the purpose and content of one's own EMS report form. However, future data set development and applications should use outcome measure guided data set selection, on-line validation of data item accuracy and recordability, psychometric analysis of the process of form completion, and incorporation of new data entry and storage technology.

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