scholarly journals THE DIRECTION OF SPACE REGULATION IN GLOBAL DYNAMICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Agus Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Space Tourism ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Remote Sensor ◽  
Space Activities

Space regulation initially acts as the orientation for activities in space which primarily concerns with research and development. As space exploration progresses, the regulation took a more practical direction which covers not only civil but also commercial activities. In line with this, development in commercial space activities took place such as telemetrics, remote sensor, space transportation, space industry, space tourism, space insurance, etc. To ensure that the commercialization of space activities is performed in a peaceful and safe manner as well as in ways that benefit all people, regulations in the form of anticipative laws are needed. These measures cover legal issues. Space commercialization is closely related to many aspects of life such as politics, social, economy, and security and defense which have been experiencing rapid development in that the presence of regulation for modern space law regime becomes an absolute necessity. 

scholarly journals URGENSI PENATAAN HUKUM KERUANGANGKASAAN DALAM KERANGKA KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL NEGARA BERKEMBANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Agus Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Activities

The presence of  the space industry which sends to be dominated by private companies in developed countries has encouraged the need for developing country national legal framework thar are accomodative to regulate commercial space activities. On the other hand there are developing countries that have space activities and have national legal instruments, on the other there are developing countries that have just started space activities but do not have national legal instrument. Therefore, the arrangement of international and national legal instrument that regulate the interest of developing countries is urgent. In addition, this study show that existing legal transformation is not successful considering the transformation is not less attention to the full interest of the parties concerned.

scholarly journals Research on the development of space tourism:problems and prospects

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The State ◽  
Space Tourism ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Increasing Demand

An increasing demand for space travel, the creation of commercial enterprises and travel agencies in the field of space industry, the development of vehicles intended solely for the transportation of tourists to space – all this suggests that space can soon turn from a matter of scientific research into a tourist destination. Therefore, today the study of the state and prospects of space tourism development is a hot topic. The subject of research in the article is the development of space tourism in the world. The goal is to identify the main factors constraining the development of space tourism in the world. The objectives are to explore the economic benefits of space tourism development and the possibility of increasing commercial enterprises in the field of space industry; to evaluate key concepts involved in developing ways to reduce or eliminate social, economic problems arising in the field of space tourism. General scientific methods used: system analysis and factor analysis. The results of this study: the main economic advantages, disadvantages and problems of space tourism have been revealed; the state have been analyzed, and prospects for the development of space tourism have been identified; the need to study the fundamentals of space tourism development in the future have been determined, its impact on society and those who participate in it, the importance of upcoming efforts and possible policy recommendations have been evaluated. Special attention is paid to the review of space law treaties, agreements and conventions on space tourism. The authors conclude that space tourism is showing rapid development, and the space industry remains one of the promising investment sectors which may become the main direction of development of space activities in the future. Because space tourism is a certain market niche that can contribute to the use of infrastructure in space, especially due to the upcoming discoveries.

Space Commercialization and the Development of Space Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
National Space ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Space Activities ◽  
Soft Laws

Shortly after the launch of the first manmade satellite in 1957, the United Nations (UN) took the lead in formulating international rules governing space activities. The five international conventions (the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, the 1968 Rescue Agreement, the 1972 Liability Convention, the 1975 Registration Convention, and the 1979 Moon Agreement) within the UN framework constitute the nucleus of space law, which laid a solid legal foundation securing the smooth development of space activities in the next few decades. Outer space was soon found to be a place with abundant opportunities for commercialization. Telecommunications services proved to be the first successful space commercial application, to be followed by remote sensing and global navigation services. In the last decade, the rapid development of space technologies has brought space tourism and space mining to the forefront of space commercialization. With more and more commercial activities taking place on a daily basis from the 1980s, the existing space law faces severe challenges. The five conventions, enacted in a time when space was monopolized by two superpowers, failed to take into account the commercial aspect of space activities. While there is an urgent need for new rules to deal with the ongoing trend of space commercialization, international society faces difficulties in adopting new rules due to diversified concerns over national interests and adjusts the legislative strategies by enacting soft laws. In view of the difficulty in adopting legally binding rules at the international level, states are encouraged to enact their own national space legislation providing sufficient guidance for their domestic space commercial activities. In the foreseeable future, it is expected that the development of soft laws and national space legislation will be the mainstream regulatory activities in the space field, especially for commercial space activities.

On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal

2019 ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
P. J. Blount
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Active Debris Removal ◽  
Debris Removal ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Space Activities

This chapter examines the legal issues associated with the activities of on-orbit servicing and active debris removal. It addresses these legal issues from the perspective of military, civil, and commercial space activities. It argues that the major international legal challenges for these technologies are avoiding their weaponization in order to use them to provide for the sustainability of the space environment. Further, it argues that the development of domestic authorization regimes will be necessary precursor to the deployment of OOS and ADR.

scholarly journals Emerging Legal Issues in Sub-Orbital Flight and Colonization under International Air and Space Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
King James Nkum ◽  
Beida Onivehu Julius
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Orbital Flight ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Space Tourism ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Space Activities

Space exploration activities constitute an important part of International Air and Space Law. Space Law, which governs matters in outer space beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a rather new area of law and is to a very large extent connected to Air Law. Not only have we witnessed a tremendous increase in air travel recently, human activities in space has also skyrocketed. Sub-orbital flight and colonization (also known as space tourism) is one of such developments in space activities today and is not without legal implications. This article seeks to x-ray and situates some of these legal issues emerging out of contemporary space exploration activities against the overarching framework of the UN Space Treaties. 

scholarly journals MERCADOLÓGICA E O TURISMO ESPACIAL: ANÁLISE DA EMPRESA SPACEX

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Fábio Luciano Violin ◽  
Vitor Barbato Honorato
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Space Tourism ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

The growth of the commercial space industry demonstrates that there is an emerging business, after decades of development, we have never been so close of the Space Tourism consolidation. This article presents a brief introduction to the history of this kind of tourism to understand it's evolution, and an analysis of the three main companies in this segment. The study is based on a gathering of datas with focus on the tourism sector of thiscompanies to examine their potentials. The research demonstrated that besides de restriction to an elevated social class, the offer is raising and there is demand, the companies are looking for methods to reduce the cost of the travels and make it more accessible. The conclusion is that, there is market that attend to different wills, despite their differences, they all look for the same thing, bring humanity further and further into space.

NewSpace: A Wave of Private Investment in Commercial Space Activities and Potential Issues Under International Investment Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 930-950
Author(s):  
Ingo Baumann ◽  
Hussaine El Bajjati ◽  
Erik Pellander
Keyword(s):  
Private Investment ◽  
International Investment ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Foreign Government ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Space Activities ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Abstract The space industry is witnessing a commercialization wave which is commonly circumscribed by the term NewSpace. Together with the increasing commercialization, legal issues in the space sector may require rethinking, laws and regulations form other sectors may become relevant, and new laws and regulations need to be developed. Overall, there are significant risks associated with the legal and regulatory framework under which NewSpace companies are operating. Some of these risks could generally be mitigated through the application of investment treaties. In this regard, it is not an obstacle that space activities are taking place beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Administrative rights, such as a governmental license to undertake commercial space activities, are one of the most eminent and likely area where space companies may present claims against a foreign government. The level of protection in relation to these administrative rights may differ from one investment treaty to another.

PERUBAHAN PERILAKU BERBELANJA DARI PASAR TRADISIONAL KE PASAR MODERN DI KOTA MANADO DIPANDANG DARI ASPEK SOSIOLOGI

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjam M. Pontorondo
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Time And Energy

This study about shopping behavior changes from traditional markets to modern market in the  Manado city is viewed from the aspect of sociology. This study used a qualitative approach. The results showed that the shopping behavior of most citizens of Manado city has changed shopping habits in traditional markets into shopping habits in the modern market. Everyone in the economic measures based on efficiency considerations that revolve around efficiency of money and space also efficiency of time and energy. Before someone decides to shop, his views always consider the fourth aspect of it, and then decided to act. Thus the action is determined by the orientation to the person's environment that is tailored to the needs inherent in him. Then someone can act as he wishes. Most citizens of Manado city construct behavior of shopping habits in traditional markets into shopping habits in the modern market. The peoples leaving the characteristics of cooperation and confidence in social economy action trough activity in the traditional market began to fade, tend to behave consumerist, individualistic, laden competition, but innovation and creative. The pattern of this kind of action can be a collective action at the subjective macro level. This means that changes in individual behavior of Manado city residents at a certain level in line with the rapid development and progress of science and technology, will have implications on fundamental social changes in the structure of social behavior overall Manado city residents. Manado, will become a city inhabited by modern society with a consumption-oriented economic measures or commonly known as the consumerist society.

Fundamentals of the economy of space activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail Afanas'ev ◽  
Mihail Bendikov ◽  
Stanislav Korunov
Keyword(s):  
Course Design ◽  
Federal State ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Project ◽  
State Educational ◽  
Space Activities ◽  
Selection Of

The textbook describes in detail the classification of space goods and services, the segments and sectors of the global space market, the development prospects and the positioning of Russian enterprises in them. The methodological feature of the course consists in new approaches to the segmentation of the market and areas of space activities, identifying their deep relationships with the space industry. The practical side of the course is aimed at studying the methodology and practice of space project management, space pricing, organization of placement and execution of space government orders, and market analytics. The tutorial contains test questions for each chapter, test tasks, and a wide selection of topics for course design. The subject of the course papers is related to the specific activities of the enterprises of the space industry. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for third-year undergraduate and graduate students specializing in the field of training 38.03.01 and 38.04.01 "Economics" in the specialties "Economics of Space activities", "Economics of high-tech industries".

Public-Private Partnership for the Development of Space Sector in the United States and Great Britain

2022 ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
V. P. Zavarukhin ◽  
N. D. Frolova ◽  
D. V. Baibulatova
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Activities

The article provides an analysis of modern trends in building public-private partnership (PPP), gives an overview of key studies devoted to this subject in general and PPPs in the field of space activities in particular. The authors analyze the practice of public-private partnerships in the U. S. and Great Britain on the examples of specific mechanisms, their key features, advantages and disadvantages that determine the possibility of their application in different areas of government-business cooperation in the field of space exploration. In order to find possible ways for direct application or adaptation of this experience in Russia for organizing space exploration PPPs the researchers concluded that the level of high-tech production in this country is insufficient and significant administrative barriers for attracting private sector into the space industry are still present.

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