Temporal Regimes in Kenmu nitchū gyōji (Daily Observances of the Kenmu Era), with annotated translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Müller
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Political Function ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Annotated Translation ◽  
Divine Order

Abstract This article examines time recording and time practices in Kenmu nitchū gyōji, a medieval document describing daily and monthly routine at the court of Emperor Go-Daigo in the beginning of the fourteenth century. By probing into the text’s chronographic and chronopolitical features, it is shown that Kenmu nitchū gyōji is strongly concerned with temporality, providing an ideal in which court regularities are meant to repeat identically according to a minutely regulated sequential progression. These peculiar temporal characteristics exhibit the text’s political function: by way of a chronological and at the same time cyclical structure, the image of a divine order is provided, thus legitimizing imperial rule.

scholarly journals Art. XII.—On the Cause of the external Pattern, or Watering of the Damascus Sword-Blades

1837 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
The World ◽  
In The Beginning

It is well known that Damascus was formerly celebrated all over the world for its manufacture of sword-blades, and it is recorded, that when Timúr Lang conquered Syria, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, he carried off all the manufacturers of steel into Persia; since which period, the fabrication of arms has declined at Damascus, and the successors of those workmen, being dispersed over the East, are said either to have lost the secret, or ceased to make blades of more than ordinary goodness. We must, however, first divest ourselves of all prejudice in favour of the exaggerated reports of their qualities, and remember, that at the time when the natives of the East were well acquainted with the art of working in iron and steel, we, and indeed all Europe, appear to have been comparatively in a state of perfect ignorance; the ancient swords of Damascus, therefore, when opposed to those of other countries, were probably found to be infinitely superior in temper and quality; which, combined with their great external beauty, stamped them for ages with so high a character for excellence, that they are even now handed down as heir-looms by Eastern princes to their posterity. The extraordinary prices that have been offered and obtained for them, sufficiently attest the estimation in which they were held, which is certainly not warranted in the present day, when swords of equal, or superior quality, might be manufactured at one-twentieth of the expense. In addition to the foregoing observations, the strength and great dexterity of the swordsmen must be taken into consideration, and much of the apparent superiority of these blades may be undoubtedly ascribed to this cause.

Words of Seduction, Lines of Resistance: Writing and Gender in Zheng Xi's Dream of Spring (1318)

NAN Nü ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-283
Author(s):  
Christian de Pee
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ming And Qing Dynasties ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Annotated Translation

AbstractThis article contains a full, annotated translation of A Dream of Spring (Chunmeng lu), written in 1318 by Zheng Xi (1324 jinshi). In A Dream of Spring, Zheng Xi, despite being married, accepts a matchmaker's request to submit a poem to the family of Miss Wu. In the ensuing correspondence with Miss Wu, Zheng Xi uses his masculine literary prerogative to compromise her chastity, which she struggles to defend by the more stringent conventions of feminine composition. The analysis of this fourteenth-century story supplements studies of gendered subjects in the literature of the late Ming and Qing dynasties.

scholarly journals Provinciální synody hnězdenské církevní provincie do začátku 16. století

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-78
Author(s):  
Pavel Krafl
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
In The Beginning

It was relatively early that the archbishops of Gniezno began to convoke provincial synods - the oldest dated assembly which is marked in the sources as a provincial synod took place as early as in 1210. But even before this synod another provincial synod took place in 1206 (?). In the beginning, i. e. in the thirteenth century, it is important to distinguish clearly between bishops' conventions, or colloquia, and provincial synods. The first statutes backed up with evidence are the statutes issued by Archbishop Henryk Kietlicz around 1217 in Kamień. Another important archbishop was Pełka (Fulko, 1232 - 1258). Two statutes issued by this metropolitan are still preserved. An important role in the system of provincial legislation was played by legates' synods and the legates' statutes which were proclaimed at them. A number of provincial synods was summoned by the archbishop of Gniezno Jakub Świnka (1285, 1287,1290,1298, 1306, 1309). Several not dated fragments of statutes originate from his time. In the fourteenth century the situation changes - the only two provincial synods that we know of are the synods of Janisław (1326) and Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki (1357). „Synodyk“, the first attempt at codification of the legislation of Gniezno church province, comes from Skotnicki's synod. We cannot agree with referring to the assembly at Krakow from 1356 as to a provincial synod. Similarly, the „convencio generalis“ in Łęczyca in 1402 could not have been a provincial synod. Thus the first reliably proved provincial synod of the fifteenth century is the synod of Mikołaj.

scholarly journals The Mahanubhavs

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rigopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
In The Beginning

The ascetic, devotional sect of the Mahanubhavs -Those of the greatexperience - arose, like the much more popular bhakti movement ofthe Vårkaris centred in Pandharpur, in thirteenth century Maharastra.If in the beginning the Mahanubhavs had a fairly rapid expansion, especiallyin the northern and eastern regions of Maharastra, around theend of the fourteenth century their movement went underground aimingat a defensive isolation from the larger Hindü context. They centredthemselves in remote areas and villages. Although the prominentleaders among the early Mahanubhavs were brahma's (often convertsfrom the prevailing advaita vaißñavism), their followers were and aremostly non-brahma's, that is, low caste people and even untouchables.Outside of their own closed circles Mahanubhavs were met with prejudiceand distrust, at least up to the beginning of the twentieth century.In this volume the author offers an overview of the origins and mainreligious and doctrinal characteristics of the Mahanubhavs, discussingthose aspects which appear especially revealing of their differenceand nonconformity.

Collective Legitimization as a Political Function of the United Nations

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inis L. Claude
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
General Problem ◽  
International System ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Political Function ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
World Organization ◽  
In The Beginning

As the United Nations has developed and as its role in world affairs has been adapted to the necessities and possibilities created and the limitations established by the changing realities of international politics, collective legitimization has emerged as one of its major political functions. By this I mean to suggest that the world organization has come to be regarded, and used, as a dispenser of politically significant approval and disapproval of the claims, policies, and actions of states, including, but going far beyond, their claims to status as independent members of the international system. In this essay I shall undertake to refine and elaborate this rough definition of collective legitimization and to discuss the performance of this role by the United Nations. It is essential in the beginning, however, to provide a foundation by offering some observations about the general problem of political legitimacy.

Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Brunt
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Divine Order

The work we call the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius was entitled in the lost manuscript that Xylander used for the first printed edition (1559) Μάρκου Ἀντωνίνου αὐτοκράτορος τῶν εἰς ἑαυτὸν βιβλίων. This title was apparently unknown to a Byzantine historian of the fourteenth century, and may rest merely on the impression the work made on one reader, who affixed it to his copy. But that impression was surely just; even Book I, of which more later, is an intimate document, and Books II to XII a kind of spiritual diary, which Marcus wrote in moments of leisure, probably with his own hand, just as he continued to the end of his life to send autograph letters to his friends (Dio lxxi, 36, 2), and on parchment books, to which he could most easily refer, like those used by Aelius Aristides (xlviii, 8 K) to record his dreams; such books, intended for his own eyes alone, need have had no title. If this view is correct, the Meditations provide evidence unique in antiquity and perhaps in any age for the inmost thoughts of a ruler. The most cursory perusal will indeed show that Marcus was mainly concerned with the divine order of the universe and with the place of man in that order; overt personal allusions are rare. Yet it would be strange if his reflections were not on closer inspection to reveal traces of his own personal experience. I shall argue later that the very frequency with which he recurs to certain topics indicates the preoccupations of the ruler and has historical implications that have not been recognized, even by those who see the work as a spiritual diary and not in any sense as a philosophical treatise. But since that interpretation has not gone without challenge or modification, more must be said to justify it. I shall first discuss Books II to XII and then Book I.

scholarly journals A intolerância contra os judeus. Violência e conversões no Reino de Castela

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Kellen Jacobsen Follador
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Black Plague

Resumo: O presente artigo aborda momentos da história do reino de Castela nos quais os judeus estiveram de, alguma forma, submetidos à violência e, como desmembramento, à conversão forçada. No reino de Castela, desde os tempos mais remotos os judeus eram considerados como uma comunidade à parte da cristã, sendo apenas tolerados pela mesma. A partir do século XIII essa tolerância sofre modificações que se acentuam ao longo do século XIV. No primeiro caso destacamos a participação de grupos religiosos como franciscanos e dominicanos no combate àquilo que consideravam as heresias judaicas contidas no Talmude e, no século XIV, episódios de violência relacionados à peste negra, conflito dinástico e pregações antijudaicas. Todos esses momentos de materialização da intolerância contra a comunidade judaica tiveram dentre suas consequências a morte ou a conversão de muitos judeus. Com o passar das décadas a intolerância contra os judeus foi estendida aos conversos que presenciaram o surgimento de um preconceito religioso e de uma intolerância que desacreditavam a religiosidade dos conversos. Palavras-chave: Antijudaísmo. Intolerância. Violência. Conversões. Abstract: This paper presents some moments in the history of Castile Kingdom in which Jewish people in some ways were subjected to violence and consequently to forced conversion. Since the earliest times Jewish people were regarded as a part of the Christian community in Castile Kingdom, just being tolerated by it. In the beginning in the thirteenth century this tolerance changed, and these changes increased throughout the fourteenth century. So, firstly, we emphasize the participation of religious groups such as Franciscans and Dominicans in fighting against what they considered Jewish heresies contained in the Talmud, and, secondly, in episodes of violence related to the Black Plague, dynastic conflict and anti-jewish sermons in the fourteenth century. All these moments of realization of intolerance against the Jewish community had among its consequences the death or conversion of many Jews. Over the decades intolerance against Jews was extended to converts who have witnessed the emergence of a religious prejudice and intolerance that discredited the religious converts. Keywords: Anti-Judaism. Intolerance. Violence. Conversions.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

A View of the Lexical–Grammatical Link in Young Latinos With Specific Language Impairment Using Language-Specific and Conceptual Measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía I. Méndez ◽  
Gabriela Simon-Cereijido
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
L1 And L2

Purpose This study investigated the nature of the association of lexical–grammatical abilities within and across languages in Latino dual language learners (DLLs) with specific language impairment (SLI) using language-specific and bilingual measures. Method Seventy-four Spanish/English–speaking preschoolers with SLI from preschools serving low-income households participated in the study. Participants had stronger skills in Spanish (first language [L1]) and were in the initial stages of learning English (second language [L2]). The children's lexical, semantic, and grammar abilities were assessed using normative and researcher-developed tools in English and Spanish. Hierarchical linear regressions of cross-sectional data were conducted using measures of sentence repetition tasks, language-specific vocabulary, and conceptual bilingual lexical and semantic abilities in Spanish and English. Results Results indicate that language-specific vocabulary abilities support the development of grammar in L1 and L2 in this population. L1 vocabulary also contributes to L2 grammar above and beyond the contribution of L2 vocabulary skills. However, the cross-linguistic association between vocabulary in L2 and grammar skills in the stronger or more proficient language (L1) is not observed. In addition, conceptual vocabulary significantly supported grammar in L2, whereas bilingual semantic skills supported L1 grammar. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the same language-specific vocabulary abilities drive grammar development in L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI. In the early stages of L2 acquisition, vocabulary skills in L1 also seem to contribute to grammar skills in L2 in this population. Thus, it is critical to support vocabulary development in both L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI, particularly in the beginning stages of L2 acquisition. Clinical and educational implications are discussed.

Temporal Characteristics of Speech in Simultaneous Communication

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1014-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Whitehead ◽  
Nicholas Schiavetti ◽  
Brenda H. Whitehead ◽  
Dale Evan Metz
Keyword(s):  
Pause Duration ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Vowel Perception ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Word Duration ◽  
Rate Of Speech ◽  
Speech Condition

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to determine if there are changes in specific temporal characteristics of speech that occur during simultaneous communication, and (b) to determine if known temporal rules of spoken English are disrupted during simultaneous communication. Ten speakers uttered sentences consisting of a carrier phrase and experimental CVC words under conditions of: (a) speech, (b) speech combined with signed English, and (c) speech combined with signed English for every word except the CVC word that was fingerspelled. The temporal features investigated included: (a) sentence duration, (b) experimental CVC word duration, (c) vowel duration in experimental CVC words, (d) pause duration before and after experimental CVC words, and (e) consonantal effects on vowel duration. Results indicated that for all durational measures, the speech/sign/fingerspelling condition was longest, followed by the speech/sign condition, with the speech condition being shortest. It was also found that for all three speaking conditions, vowels were longer in duration when preceding voiced consonants than vowels preceding their voiceless cognates, and that a low vowel was longer in duration than a high vowel. These findings indicate that speakers consistently reduced their rate of speech when using simultaneous communication, but did not violate these specific temporal rules of English important for consonant and vowel perception.

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