The Transmission of Education across Generations: Evidence from Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1893-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasika Ranasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study analyzes changes in the transmission of education across generations in Australia for the birth cohorts 1942 through 1991 using a range of measures: the estimated effect of parental education on that of the child, schooling correlations between parents and children and a series of mobility indices. Our results suggest that while the overall level of education and intergenerational education mobility has increased over time, there are considerable regional and gender differences. Daughters’ education attainment is still relatively highly correlated with their parents compared to sons and the extent of absolute upward mobility was modest while immobility and downward mobility have remained relatively steady during the last five decades. During this period, relative education opportunities have increased over time at lower education levels, while the trend has been comparatively stable at higher levels.

A Decade of Love and Hate

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Penn Lendon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Linked Lives ◽  
Intergenerational Ambivalence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Parent Child

The intergenerational ambivalence paradigm is a critical lens for understanding the complexities of aging families, and researchers have begun to explore the potential changes and implications of ambivalence over the life course. This study is one of few to examine trajectories of ambivalence over 13 years and is the first to include two birth cohorts of reciprocal parent–child dyads. This research uses five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Generations to assess changes in ambivalence and reciprocal influences among 903 parent–child dyads using latent growth models. Primary findings show an overall decline in ambivalence over time with different patterns by generation, cohort/life stage, and gender. Children experienced greater levels of ambivalence than parents. There is a reciprocal influence of ambivalence in parent–child dyads; parents and children have similar trajectories of ambivalence and the older generation of parents’ ambivalence exerted influence on the change in their children’s ambivalence over time. This study highlights the importance of using longitudinal data and reciprocal dyads in intergenerational research and adds to theory about the important influences of life stages, social contexts, and linked lives on intergenerational ambivalence.

scholarly journals Implications of parental lifestyle changes and education level on adolescent offspring weight: a population based cohort study - The HUNT Study, Norway

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e023406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Naess ◽  
Erik R Sund ◽  
Turid Lingaas Holmen ◽  
Kirsti Kvaløy
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveObesity tends to cluster in families reflecting both common genetics and shared lifestyle patterns within the family environment. The aim of this study was to examine whether parental lifestyle changes over time, exemplified by changes in weight and physical activity, could affect offspring weight in adolescents and if parental education level influenced the relationship.Design, setting and participantsThe population-based cohort study included 4424 parent-offspring participants from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. Exposition was parental change in weight and physical activity over 11 years, and outcome was offspring weight measured in z-scores of body mass index (BMI) in mixed linear models.ResultsMaternal weight reduction by 2–6 kg was significantly associated with lower offspring BMI z-scores: −0.132 (95% CI −0.259 to −0.004) in the model adjusted for education. Parental weight change displayed similar effect patterns on offspring weight regardless of parents’ education level. Further, BMI was consistently lower in families of high education compared with low education in the fully adjusted models. In mothers, reduced physical activity level over time was associated with higher BMI z-scores in offspring: 0.159 (95% CI 0.030 to 0.288). Associations between physical activity change and adolescent BMI was not moderated by parental education levels.ConclusionLifestyle changes in mothers were associated with offspring BMI; reduced weight with lower—and reduced physical activity with higher BMI. Father’s lifestyle changes, however, did not significantly affect adolescent offspring’s weight. Overall, patterns of association between parental changes and offspring’s BMI were independent of parental education levels, though adolescents with parents with high education had lower weight in general.

scholarly journals The Persistent Influence of Socio-Economic Background on Family Formation Pathways and Disadvantage in Young Adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Jarl Mooyaart
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and economic (dis)advantage and reveals to what extent the influence of parental education on family formation persists over time, i.e. across birth cohorts. The second part of this chapter examines to what extent the influence of socio-economic background persists over the life-course. This part covers: (1) the influence of parental education on union formation over the life-course, and (2) the influence of socio-economic background on income trajectories in young adulthood, after adjusting for the career and family pathways that young adults followed during the transition to adulthood, thereby examining the influence of socio-economic background on income beyond the first stage of young adulthood. This chapter reveals two key insights on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and (dis)advantage: (1) Whereas union and family formation patterns have changed across birth cohorts, socio-economic background continues to stratify union and family formation pathways; (2) Although the influence of socio-economic background on family formation and young adults’ economic position decreases throughout young adulthood, socio-economic background continues to have an impact in young adulthood.

scholarly journals Adult Vocational Qualifications Reduce the Social Gradient in Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Bernt Bratsberg ◽  
Torgeir Nyen ◽  
Oddbjørn Raaum
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Vocational Qualifications ◽  
Early School ◽  
The Social ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Alternative Routes

Many youth leave school early without an upper secondary education, impeding their chances in the labor market. Early school leavers come disproportionately from families with low parental education. In some countries, there are alternative routes to upper secondary qualifications as adults. Does adult attainment reduce initial social differences in educational attainment, or does it reinforce such differences? Norway is one of the countries where many attain upper secondary qualifications in adulthood. Using individual data from administrative registers, we follow five Norwegian birth cohorts (1973–1977) from age 20 to 40. We document that the association between parental education and upper secondary completion declines monotonically with age, ending at age 40 about 35% below that at age 20. We also document that the alternative routes to adult qualifications recruit students of different family backgrounds. In particular, adults who acquire vocational qualifications via the experience-based route come from families with lower education than other groups. Our evidence suggests that institutions that offer opportunities for certifying qualifications acquired at work mitigate social gradients, fostering more equal opportunities within the education system.

More Educated, Less Mobile? Diverging Trends in Income and Education Mobility in Chile and Peru

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-105
Author(s):  
Anja Gaentzsch ◽  
Gabriela Zapata Román
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Household Heads

We analyse intergenerational persistence in income and education in Chile and Peru for birth cohorts from the early 1950s to 1990. Both countries have seen a structural expansion of education over this period and decreasing income inequality in recent decades. We impute non-observed parental income from repeated cross-sections and estimate persistence in the range of 0.63 to 0.67 in Peru and 0.66 to 0.76 in Chile for household heads of the birth cohorts 1977–1990. The analysis of educational mobility covers household heads of birth cohorts from 1953 to 1990 and relies on retrospective information. We observe an increase in absolute mobility for younger generations, which we relate to the structural expansion of education that created room at the top. In relative terms, mobility patterns remain more stable, and parental education is still a strong predictor for own educational achievement. The relationship is non-linear in both countries: persistence among very low and highly educated groups is strong, while individuals with parents of average education levels are more mobile. Upward mobility is stronger in Peru than in Chile: the chances to move from no formal education to higher education across one generation are 46 per cent, the average in Peru, compared to 20 per cent in Chile. The chances of persisting in the top across generations are also slightly higher in Peru with a factor of 3 times the average compared to 2.76 in Chile.

scholarly journals Non-Standard Typography Use Over Time: Signs of a Lack of Literacy or Symbolic Capital?

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Zelenkauskaite ◽  
Amy L. Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
Expressive Writing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

New technologies have provoked a debate regarding the role of non-standard typography (e.g. !!!, :-*). Some contend that new technologies undermine literacy while others state that new technologies provide new spaces for expressive writing and signal a form of symbolic capital. While previous research has primarily focused on age and gender to account for non-standard typography, we analyze socio-economic variables – education and income level and the use of NST over time. This study entertains these two competing hypotheses by analyzing non-standard typography in text message exchanges over three and a half months in an underprivileged population: people living in an urban public housing. Data reveal that, within this sample, use of NST increased over time and participants with higher education levels were more likely to use non-standard typography than less educated counterparts. Experience with texting was found to mediate this effect. Findings support a symbolic capital hypothesis of non-standard typography use, suggesting NST is not associated with stigmatizing lack of knowledge or literacy, but rather may signal the knowledge of discourse norms ascribed to texting in a community.

scholarly journals The pattern of educational inequality - The contribution of family background on levels of education over time and across four countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Sirniö ◽  
Hannu Lehti ◽  
Michael Grätz ◽  
Kieron Barclay ◽  
Jani Erola
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Sibling Correlations ◽  
Total Influence ◽  
Sibling Similarity ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This article analyses the pattern of inequality across levels of education and its evolution over time from a cross-national comparative perspective. We employ a previously disregarded approach of sibling correlations to measure how the contribution of the total family background differs across achieved levels of education. We compare successive birth cohorts in Finland, Sweden, Germany, and the U.S. between 1990 and 2015. We further analyze the extent to which the total contribution of parental background is accounted for by observed parental education. Our results indicate a pattern in which sibling similarity is strongest in the lowest and the highest levels of education in all studied countries. Changes over time were more pronounced in the Nordics and in educational levels other than the lowest. Observed parental education played a less notable role than expected, indicating that using only parental education ignores a substantial portion of the total influence of family background.

scholarly journals Intergenerationele sociale daling in Nederland

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lex Thijssen ◽  
Maarten H.J. Wolbers
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Male Birth ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Family ◽  
Over Time

Intergenerational downward mobility in the Netherlands Intergenerational downward mobility in the Netherlands Several studies have shown that Dutch society has become more open in the last few decades as a result of increasing opportunities for upward social mobility. However, recently it has been observed that the likelihood of downward mobility has increased for the youngest (male) birth cohorts in the Netherlands. Despite this recent finding, social stratification research has paid little attention to testing explanations of downward mobility. This article tries to fill this knowledge gap by testing several theoretical perspectives that aim at explaining intergenerational downward mobility of individuals. In addition, we examine historical trends to study whether the role of these explanations has changed over time. To test the predictive validity of these perspectives, we use data from the Family Survey Dutch Population 2009 (N = 1,423). The empirical results, first of all, indicate that individuals who were born in younger birth cohorts are more likely to experience downward mobility than individuals who were born in older cohorts. We thus replicate earlier findings for the Netherlands. Secondly, we find that cognitive skills and educational attainment in particular provide individuals with significant protection against downward mobility. These findings are mainly in line with the meritocratic perspective. Thirdly, the results reveal that the role of the presumed explanations of downward mobility has not changed over time.

scholarly journals DISKRIMINATIF GENDER DALAM LINGKUNGAN KERJA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainul Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Informal Environment ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Times ◽  
Biological Differences

Gender is the differentiation of roles, functions, and responsibilities between women and men resulting from socio-cultural construction and can change according to the times. This paper discusses the main issues of gender from the perspective of human rights and gender equality education in Indonesia. Gender is a gender difference that is not caused by biological differences and not God's nature but was created by both men and women through a long socio-cultural process. Several factors influence that inequality, including the marginalization of women in the public or domestic domain. Woman's subordination in social or cultural aspects also affects discrimination. Labeling (stereotyping) to women and lower education levels also affects women's work participation. As a consequence, many women choose work activity in an informal environment with very low wages and without health, law, and financial security

scholarly journals Structural Change Shapes Career Mobility Opportunities: An Analysis of Cohorts, Gender and Parental Class

2022 ◽  
pp. 095001702110443
Author(s):  
Dirk Witteveen ◽  
Johan Westerman
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Career Mobility ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Parental Class ◽  
Over Time

Research suggests that structural change drives occupational mobility in high-income countries over time, but two partially competing theories explain how such change occurs. One suggests that younger cohorts replace older ones through higher education, and the second suggests that individuals adapt to structural change by switching from declining to new or growing occupations during their careers. A proposed occupational scheme aligns with the two dimensions of structural change – skill upgrading on the vertical axis of occupational differentiation, increasing demand for data comprehension (i.e. high skill) and primary tasks concerning either people or things on the horizontal axis. Applied to career trajectories in the Swedish labour market, sequence analyses of the scheme suggest stability in attainment of career mobility types over time between consecutive birth cohorts, and considerable evidence for within-career manoeuvring. Analyses address heterogeneity along parental class and gender.

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