Intra-Industry, Intra-Product, and Inter-Product Trade

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 20170024
Author(s):  
Michael Michaely ◽  
David Wajnryt
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The study starts with clarifying the distinction between intra-product and inter-product trade as origins of intra-industry trade. The empirical analysis shows that over the last half century intra-industry trade has strongly intensified, though this trend became less pronounced during the last two decades. Intra-industry trade characterizes the trade flows of Europe distinctly more than of any other major geographical region. It is clearly related to a country’s level of per-capita income; to its size, as measured by aggregate income; to the share of the manufacturing sector in the country’s trade; and, most strongly, to the level of commodity diversification of a country’s trade.

scholarly journals Clusters in the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the G20 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Meng
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This study tests the validity of the club convergence clustering hypothesis in the G20 countries using four measures of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: total number of confirmed cases per million people, new cases per million people, total deaths per million people, and new deaths per million people. The empirical analysis is based on the daily data from March 1, 2020, to October 10, 2020. The results indicate three clusters for the per capita income, two clusters for total cases per million people, and new cases per million people. Besides, there are only one and two clusters for total deaths per million people and new deaths per million people. Potential policy implications are also discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Testing the Validity of Linder Hypothesis Using Gravity Model: The Case of Turkey and Selected Transition Economies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harun Bal ◽  
Müge Manga ◽  
Esma Erdoğan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Linder Hypothesis ◽  
Import Intensity

In this study, the validity of the Linder Hypothesis has been tested based on export and import intensity of foreign trade flows between Turkish economy and selected Transition Countries. According to this hypothesis, the more similar the demand structures and per capita income levels of countries, the more they will trade with one another. The hypothesis uses the difference between the per capita income of countries engaged in foreign trade as the main parameter and indicates that a fall in income difference between two countries increases the validity of the Linder hypothesis by increasing the intensity of foreign trade of the countries. The study considers selected Transition Countries having rising share of foreign trade with Turkey during the period 2001-2017 to examine the validity of Linder Hypothesis in the context of foreign trade flows employing Gravity Models that shows "Aggregate Linder Demand Effect" and panel data analysis. Test results does not support Linder hypothesis in terms of export and import intensity of foreign trade flows between Turkish economy and selected Transition Countries during 2001-2017, rather factor endowment does matter for inter-industry foreign trade.

scholarly journals An Analysis Of The Determinants Of Intra-Industry Trade: The Case Of Spanish Foreign Trade

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Turmo ◽  
Hugo M. Hervitz ◽  
Carlos Moslares
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Per Capita

This paper analyzes the patterns of intra-industry trade observed in Spanish foreign trade and assesses the merits of alternative hypotheses in explaining the determinants of such trade. The results of the econometric analysis support the predictions of the theoretical models. These results show that Spanish intra-industry trade is positively correlated with per capita income, the size of the economies, the existence of a common border and EU membership, while it is negatively correlated with distance and differences in per capita income.

scholarly journals Micro Financing and Economic Development: A Sectorial Microcredit Study from Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAAGHA, Alexander Sulaiman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Per Capita

This study examined the effect of sectorial microcredit allocation on Nigeria economic development. Time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 1992-2019. Nigeria per capita income was proxied for dependent variables while microcredit to agricultural sector, mining and querying, manufacturing sector, real estate and construction and transport and communication were proxies for independent variables. The study employed descriptive statistics and multiple regression models to estimate the relationship that exists between sectorial microcredit allocation and economic development. Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Johansen Co-integration test, normalized co-integrating equations, parsimonious vector error correction model and pair-wise causality tests were used to conduct the investigations and analysis. The study found that 59 percent variation on Nigeria per capita income can be traced to variation on microcredit allocation to the various sectors of the economy. microcredit to transport and communication have positive and no significant effect, microcredit to real estate and construction have negative but no significant effect, microcredit to manufacturing sector have negative and significant, microcredit to mining and querying have positive and significant effect while microcredit to agricultural sector have positive and significant effect on Nigeria per capita income. From the findings, the researcher concludes that microcredit allocation have significant effect on Nigeria economic development. It recommends that for re-introduction of the abolished compulsory sectorial lending operation and sectorial reforms to attract microcredit. Microfinance banks should be encouraged to increase their branches so as to reach out and provide loans to more clients in order to achieve greater investment purposes. Government should further encourage the activities of micro finance banks by creating enabling environment so that they can further support the growth of business enterprises in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade in Cosmetic Commodities between Indonesia and Nine Trading Partners in The Asian Region in 2004-2018 Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Tuhfah Ikbar Ramadhan ◽  
Firmansyah Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Difference ◽  
Country Size ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Difference

<p align="justify">This research aims to analyze the level of intra-industry trade and the effect of average country size, average per capita income, difference in per capita income, distance, and average tariff on intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and nine trading partners (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, India, China, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea) from 2004-2018. This study uses a Grubel-Llyod Index to determine the level of intra-industry trade and static panel data method to see the effect of independent variables on the level of intra-industry trade. The result shows that the level of intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and its trading partners (except India) still tended to be low. The average country size, average per capita income, and average tariff have a positive and significant effect on the level of intra-industry trade. Meanwhile, the difference in per capita income and distance have a negative and significant effect.</p>

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