scholarly journals Clusters in the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the G20 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Meng
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This study tests the validity of the club convergence clustering hypothesis in the G20 countries using four measures of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: total number of confirmed cases per million people, new cases per million people, total deaths per million people, and new deaths per million people. The empirical analysis is based on the daily data from March 1, 2020, to October 10, 2020. The results indicate three clusters for the per capita income, two clusters for total cases per million people, and new cases per million people. Besides, there are only one and two clusters for total deaths per million people and new deaths per million people. Potential policy implications are also discussed in detail.

Intra-Industry, Intra-Product, and Inter-Product Trade

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 20170024
Author(s):  
Michael Michaely ◽  
David Wajnryt
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The study starts with clarifying the distinction between intra-product and inter-product trade as origins of intra-industry trade. The empirical analysis shows that over the last half century intra-industry trade has strongly intensified, though this trend became less pronounced during the last two decades. Intra-industry trade characterizes the trade flows of Europe distinctly more than of any other major geographical region. It is clearly related to a country’s level of per-capita income; to its size, as measured by aggregate income; to the share of the manufacturing sector in the country’s trade; and, most strongly, to the level of commodity diversification of a country’s trade.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

Economic growth and energy consumption nexus in Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Khalid Zaman ◽  
Sadaf Taj ◽  
Rabiah Rustam ◽  
Muhammad Waseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationship between electricity consumption per capita (ELEC) and real per capita income (Y), as the direction of causation of this relationship remains controversial in the existing literature. It also seeks to explore the relationship between energy consumption per capita (ENC) and real per capita income, over a 34‐year period (between 1975 and 2009).Design/methodology/approachThe study uses Johansen cointegration technique to determine the short‐ and long‐run relationship between the variables. The authors also utilize Granger causality test to determine the causal relationship between the selected variables.FindingsThe study provides evidence of bi‐directional causality between the electricity consumption per capita and real per capita income on one hand; and energy consumption per capita and real per capita income on the other hand as the direction of causality has significant policy implications.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not include all dimensions of the energy growth, but is limited to the three variables which the authors consider to be critical to economic development, including energy consumption, electricity consumption and economic growth.Originality/valueThe study uses a sophisticated econometric technique with additional tests of forecasting framework to examine the effect of energy demand on economic growth over a period of the next ten years, i.e. 2010‐2019, in the context of Pakistan. The impulse response describes the reaction of the system as a function of independent variable that parameterizes the dynamic behavior of the system.

scholarly journals Eliminating Dependence on Foreign Aid— Some Policy Implications

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Capital Inflow ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

The domestic resources of the developing countries are usually too limited even to permit a steady maintenance of their per capita income. In their attempt to improve the level of their per capita income, such countries resort to the strategy of increasing their growth rate by relying on foreign resources. In an economy, where population is growing at the rate of 3 percent per annum, and saving capacity is less than 10 percent of the G.N.P., the chances of increasing the per capita income are very low. Capital inflow allows an economy to grow at a higher rate. It is expected that an increasing proportion of increased income will be saved so that the economy would be self-reliant after some years. How¬ever, most of the aid to the developing countries is in the form of loans, often on very unfavourable terms, with the result that the debt servicing problem becomes quite serious. The huge burden of debt servicing makes it rather difficult for the developing countries to attain self-reliance. Since a continuous aid inflow means a surrender of national sovereignty to some extent, almost all the developing countries want to eliminate their dependence on aid as soon as possible. To achieve this objective, many developing countries set a time period after which the capital inflow would hopefully be zero. If a time limit is to be set, then we must know the policies that a government will have to follow in order to eliminate aid flows. In particular, we need to know the maximum allowance for consumption out of the increase in national income. Similarly, if there is a limit to the marginal propensity to save, we must determine the period over which a country can realistically hope to do away with the aid.

Club convergence in Latin America

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Martin ◽  
Guillermo Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Convergence Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transition Modeling ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThis paper assesses the convergence in per capita income of a group of 18 Latin American countries over the period 1950–2008. We employ a novel regression based convergence test proposed by (Phillips, P. C. B., and D. Sul. 2007. “Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests.”

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