scholarly journals Practical Applicability and Preliminary Results of the Baltic Environmental Satellite Remote Sensing System (Satbałtyk)

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Ostrowska ◽  
Mirosław Darecki ◽  
Adam Krężel ◽  
Dariusz Ficek ◽  
Kazimierz Furmańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Satellite Monitoring ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The University

Abstract The SatBałtyk (Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment) project is being realized in Poland by the SatBałtyk Scientific Consortium, specifically appointed for this purpose, which associates four scientific institutions: the Institute of Oceanology PAN in Sopot - coordinator of the project, the University of Gdańsk (Institute of Oceanography), the Pomeranian Academy in Słupsk (Institute of Physics) and the University of Szczecin (Institute of Marine Sciences). The project is aiming to prepare a technical infrastructure and set in motion operational procedures for the satellite monitoring of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. The main sources of input data for this system will be the results of systematic observations by metrological and environmental satellites such as TIROS N/NOAA, MSG (currently Meteosat 10), EOS/AQUA and Sentinel -1, 2, 3 (in the future). The system will deliver on a routine basis the variety of structural and functional properties of this sea, based on data provided by relevant satellites and supported by hydro-biological models. Among them: the solar radiation influx to the sea’s waters in various spectral intervals, energy balances of the short- and long-wave radiation at the Baltic Sea surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere over the Baltic, sea surface temperature distribution, dynamic states of the water surface, concentrations of chlorophyll a and other phytoplankton pigments in the Baltic waters, spatial distributions of algal blooms, the occurrence of coastal upwelling events, and the characteristics of primary production of organic matter and photosynthetically released oxygen in the water and many others. The structure of the system and preliminary results will be presented.

scholarly journals Remote Sensing Supported Sea Surface pCO2 Estimation and Variable Analysis in the Baltic Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Shuping Zhang ◽  
Anna Rutgersson ◽  
Petra Philipson ◽  
Marcus B. Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Baltic

Marginal seas are a dynamic and still to large extent uncertain component of the global carbon cycle. The large temporal and spatial variations of sea-surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in these areas are driven by multiple complex mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the variable importance for the sea surface pCO2 estimation in the Baltic Sea and derived monthly pCO2 maps for the marginal sea during the period of July 2002–October 2011. We used variables obtained from remote sensing images and numerical models. The random forest algorithm was employed to construct regression models for pCO2 estimation and produce the importance of different input variables. The study found that photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) was the most important variable for the pCO2 estimation across the entire Baltic Sea, followed by sea surface temperature (SST), absorption of colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM), and mixed layer depth (MLD). Interestingly, Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd_490nm) showed relatively low importance for the pCO2 estimation. This was mainly attributed to the high correlation of Chl-a and Kd_490nm to other pCO2-relevant variables (e.g., aCDOM), particularly in the summer months. In addition, the variables’ importance for pCO2 estimation varied between seasons and sub-basins. For example, the importance of aCDOM were large in the Gulf of Finland but marginal in other sub-basins. The model for pCO2 estimate in the entire Baltic Sea explained 63% of the variation and had a root of mean squared error (RMSE) of 47.8 µatm. The pCO2 maps derived with this model displayed realistic seasonal variations and spatial features of sea surface pCO2 in the Baltic Sea. The spatially and seasonally varying variables’ importance for the pCO2 estimation shed light on the heterogeneities in the biogeochemical and physical processes driving the carbon cycling in the Baltic Sea and can serve as an important basis for future pCO2 estimation in marginal seas using remote sensing techniques. The pCO2 maps derived in this study provided a robust benchmark for understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 air-sea exchange in the Baltic Sea.

Variational assimilation of observation data in the mathematical model of the Baltic Sea dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy I. Agoshkov ◽  
Eugene I. Parmuzin ◽  
Vladimir B. Zalesny ◽  
Victor P. Shutyaev ◽  
Natalia B. Zakharova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Variational Assimilation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Mathematical Model

AbstractA mathematical model of the dynamics of the Baltic Sea is considered. A problem of variational assimilation of sea surface temperature (SST) data is formulated and studied. Based on variational assimilation of satellite observation data, an algorithm solving the inverse problem of heat flux restoration on the interface of two media is proposed. The results of numerical experiments reconstructing the heat flux functions in the problem of variational assimilation of SST observation data are presented. The influence of SST assimilation on other hydrodynamic parameters of the model is considered.

scholarly journals Changing seasonality of the Baltic Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Kahru ◽  
Ragnar Elmgren ◽  
Oleg P. Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract. Changes in the phenology of physical and ecological variables associated with climate change are likely to have significant effect on many aspects of the Baltic ecosystem. We apply a set of phenological indicators to multiple environmental variables measured by satellite sensors for 17–36 years to detect possible changes in the seasonality in the Baltic Sea environment. We detect significant temporal changes, such as earlier start of the summer season and prolongation of the productive season, in several variables ranging from basic physical drivers to ecological status indicators. While increasing trends in the absolute values of variables like sea-surface temperature (SST), diffuse attenuation of light (Ked490) and satellite-detected chlorophyll concentration (CHL) are detectable, the corresponding changes in their seasonal cycles are more dramatic. For example, the cumulative sum of 30 000 W m−2 of surface incoming shortwave irradiance (SIS) was reached 23 days earlier in 2014 compared to the beginning of the time series in 1983. The period of the year with SST of at least 17 °C has almost doubled (from 29 days in 1982 to 56 days in 2014), and the period with Ked490 over 0.4 m−1 has increased from about 60 days in 1998 to 240 days in 2013 – i.e., quadrupled. The period with satellite-estimated CHL of at least 3 mg m−3 has doubled from approximately 110 days in 1998 to 220 days in 2013. While the timing of both the phytoplankton spring and summer blooms have advanced, the annual CHL maximum that in the 1980s corresponded to the spring diatom bloom in May has now shifted to the summer cyanobacteria bloom in July.

scholarly journals Effects of surface current/wind interaction in an eddy-rich general ocean circulation simulation of the Baltic Sea

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dietze ◽  
U. Löptien
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Wind Effects ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Deoxygenation in the Baltic Sea endangers fish yields and favours noxious algal blooms. Yet, vertical transport processes ventilating the oxygen-deprived waters at depth and replenishing nutrient-deprived surface waters (thereby fuelling export of organic matter to depth), are not comprehensively understood. Here, we investigate the effects of the interaction between surface currents and winds (also referred to as eddy/wind effects) on upwelling in an eddy-rich general ocean circulation model of the Baltic Sea. Contrary to expectations we find that accounting for current/wind effects does inhibit the overall vertical exchange between oxygenated surface waters and oxygen-deprived water at depth. At major upwelling sites, however, as e.g. off the south coast of Sweden and Finland, the reverse holds: the interaction between topographically steered surface currents with winds blowing over the sea results in a climatological sea surface temperature cooling of 0.5 K. This implies that current/wind effects drive substantial local upwelling of cold and nutrient-replete waters.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the heat balance components over the Baltic Sea using four gridded meteorological databases and direct observations

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rutgersson ◽  
A. Omstedt ◽  
Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Turbulent Heat ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Short Wave Radiation ◽  
Turbulent Heat Fluxes ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Heat Balance

In this paper, which reports on part of the BALTEX project, various components of the heat balance over the Baltic Sea are calculated using a number of gridded meteorological databases. It is the heat exchange between the Baltic Sea surface and the atmosphere that is of interest. The databases have different origins, comprising synoptic data, data re-analysed with a 3D assimilation system, an ocean model forced with gridded synoptic data, ship data and satellite data. We compared the databases and found that the greatest variation between them is in the long- and short-wave radiation values. However, considerable upward long-wave radiation is followed by considerable downward short-wave radiation, so the total radiation component is partly compensated for in the total budget. The variation in the total heat transport in the databases therefore appears smaller (1.5±3 W m−2) as the average and one standard deviation. The turbulent heat fluxes estimated from satellite data have very low values; this can largely be explained by the method of calculating air temperature, which also produces an unrealistic stratification over the Baltic Sea. The ERA40 data was compared with measured values: there, we found a certain land influence even in the centre of the Baltic proper. The indicated turbulent heat fluxes were too large, mainly in the fall and winter, and the sensible heat flux was too large in a downward direction in spring and summer.

scholarly journals Daily Radiation Budget of the Baltic Sea Surface from Satellite Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zapadka ◽  
Adam Krężel ◽  
Marcin Paszkuta ◽  
Mirosław Darecki
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Statistical Error ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Satellite Monitoring ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Surface Radiation Budget ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Oil Rig

Abstract Recently developed system for assessment of radiation budget for the Baltic Sea has been presented and verified. The system utilizes data from various sources: satellite, model and in situ measurements. It has been developed within the SatBałtyk project (Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment - www.satbaltyk.eu) where the energy radiation budget is one of the key element. The SatBałtyk system generates daily maps of the all components of radiation budget on every day basis. We show the scheme of making daily maps, applied algorithms and empirical data collection within the system. An empirical verification of the system has been carried out based on empirical data collected on the oil rig placed on the Baltic Sea. This verification concerned all the components of the surface radiation budget. The average daily NET products are estimated with statistical error ca. 13 Wm-2. The biggest absolute statistical error is for LWd component and equals 14 Wm-2. The relative error in relation to the average annual values for whole Baltic is the biggest for SWu and reaches 25%. All estimated components have correlation coefficient above 0.91.

Nemo-Nordic 2.0: Updated Baltic Sea model based on NEMO 4.0

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Kärnä ◽  
Ida Ringgaard ◽  
Vasily Korabel ◽  
Adam Nord ◽  
Patrik Ljungemyr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Inflow Event ◽  
Arkona Basin ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Marine Environment Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Service

<p>We present Nemo-Nordic 2.0, the latest version of the operational marine forecasting model for the Baltic Sea used and developed in the Baltic Monitoring Forecasting Centre (BAL MFC) under the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). The most notable differences between Nemo-Nordic 2.0 and its predecessor Nemo-Nordic 1.0 are the switch from NEMO 3.6 to NEMO 4.0 and an increase in horizontal resolution from 2 to 1 nautical mile. In addition, the model's bathymetry and bottom friction formulation have been updated. The model configuration was specially tuned to represent Major Baltic Inflow events. Focusing on a 2-year validation period from October 1, 2014, covering one Major Baltic Inflow event, Nemo-Nordic 2.0 simulates Sea Surface Height (SSH) well: centralized Root-Mean-Square Deviation (CRMSD) is within 10 cm for most stations outside the Inner Danish Waters. CRMSD is higher at some stations where small-scale topographical features cannot be correctly resolved. SSH variability tends to be overestimated in the Baltic Sea and underestimated in the Inner Danish Waters. Nemo-Nordic 2.0 represents Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Salinity (SSS) well, although there is a negative bias around -0.5°C in SST. The 2014 Major Baltic Inflow event is well reproduced. The simulated salt pulse agrees well with observations in the Arkona basin and progresses into the Gotland basin in 3 to 4 months.</p>

Modelling the uptake and release of carbon dioxide in the Baltic Sea surface water

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 870-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Omstedt ◽  
Erik Gustafsson ◽  
Karin Wesslander
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Uptake And Release
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