Was sagt uns ein Gesetz?

Rhetorik ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
Thomas-Michael Seibert
Keyword(s):  
Legal Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Written Law

Abstract What kind of rhetoric does a statute present? In the following essay, you will find, after the introduction (1.), the answer in studying interpretants (2.). When you look at written law, you find at least four different types: the academic Roman today antecedent (3.a), the modern blanket clause of the police (3.b), the constitutional clauses which date from the same time (3.c), and finally the last post-modern product as a type of rule which determines the legal form itself (3.d). With tables of measures, figures, and clauses of discretion, it attempts to suppress the disturbance of interpretants (4.).

scholarly journals Will Africa Be Able to Keep Its Promises to Reduce Greenhouse Gases? A Review of African Countries’ Commitments at COP 21

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Zie Ballo ◽  
Fabrice Essé Ochou ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
External Financing ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Assistance

This study describes the different types of commitments made by Africans in their National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and tries to explain whether or not it will be possible for them to fulfill their commitments. For this purpose, we operate all African NDCs formally presented at COP 21 in Paris in 2015 in which the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction commitments are presented. The analysis reveals three types of commitments—namely, conditional commitments, not conditional on international aid, and both at the same time. Countries with conditional commitments subject to external financing are likely to fulfill their commitments that are stronger. Only countries with unconditioned commitments are more realistic not relying on external assistance that is becoming more and more hypothetical. Beyond the types of commitments, other types of obstacles such as the blurred legal form of the Paris Agreement and the preference for Adaptation could make it difficult to fulfill the commitments of African countries.

scholarly journals Understanding Nature Sports Organizations in Portugal

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. E. S. de Melo ◽  
Rui A. M. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sport Clubs

Although Nature Sports are considered a growing phenomenon around the world, there is a lack of research and data about the organizations that are developing these activities. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the Nature Sports Organizations operating in mainland Portugal. Data was obtained through an online survey questionnaire applied to organizations which promoted Nature Sports in Portugal, both from private and public sectors, and 166 answers were obtained. Three main types of organizations were found based on their legal form and organizational vocation: sport tourism companies, sport clubs, and associations (environmentalists, cultural, sportive, recreational and others) which were further characterized by their organization profile, supply and demand. The results show significant statistical differences between the different types of organizations regarding their age, number of collaborators, and type of activities offered, as also the number and provenience of the practitioners. The data also enclose implications for the Nature Sports policies and Nature Sports Organizations management that will be discussed.

Foundations in Germany and Israel: An Analysis of the Legal Framework

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
German Law ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
State Supervision ◽  
Correct Usage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right

AbstractThis article compares the law of foundations (charities) in Germany and Israel. What is a foundation and what it is created for, may receive different answers in different legal systems. When an Israeli jurist refers tohekdesh, he is not referring to the same concepts included in the GermanStiftung. These differences find expression both in practical and theoretical matters. For example, German law recognizes the foundation as a legal personality, a characteristic lacking in Israeli law. Moreover, in Germany a foundation managing a business enterprise, or an enterprise adopting the legal form of a foundation, is an accepted phenomenon, but this is not accepted in Israel.To understand what a foundation is, it is necessary to distinguish between the different types of foundations: on one hand public or private ones, and on the other hand religious and secular foundations. This article discusses the methods of creating a foundation (mortis causaorinter vivos) and examines the elements needed to create it: purposes, assets (one of the central points in Foundations Law is to ensure their efficient use) and management. The comparison does not obviate the problem of state supervision, needed to ensure the right of the beneficiaries and of the entire community to correct usage of the endowed resources.In the final analysis, the paper stresses the importance of comparative law as an instrument aimed to broaden legal theory and enrich the dialogue between jurists of different countries.

scholarly journals THE TESTAMENT UNDER ROMANIAN CIVIL LAW PROVISIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Miruna Mihaela Tudoraşcu
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Will

The normative dispositions that we will refer to in this paper, are found in The Romanian Civil Code, in the 4th Book, called “About Inheritances and Liberalities”, 3rd Title, called “Liberalities”, 3rd Chapter “The Testament”, articles 1034-1099. It is a very important civil institution, usually used, when a person wants to prefer somebody to collect the inheritance, a part of the inheritance, or a specific good from his estate. By article 1034 from RCC[1] “the Testament is the unilateral, personal and revocable legal act, through which a person, named testator, will decide, using a legal form, about his estate and other wills, for the time he will not be alive anymore”. In the doctrine we find different opinions in connection with the content of the will (testament), in connection with the juridical nature of it, or in connection with the form vices or with the fundamental vices impact over the validity of the testament. The discussions are very extensive, so this is one of the reasons that we took in consideration for realizing this scientific paper. We will present also different types of testaments that we have provisioned in Rom

scholarly journals Classification of stakeholders (users) of accounting information for the enterprise cybersecurity purposes

2021 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Muravskyi ◽  
Vasyl Muravskyi ◽  
Oleh Shevchuk
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Economic Imbalances ◽  
Form Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Historical Methods

Introduction. The intensification of cyberrisks due to global hybrid conflicts, the COVID-19 pandemic, and economic imbalances threatens the accounting system as the main generator of economic information, which requires the organization of an effective system of enterprises cybersecurity. It is necessary to understand cyberthreats impact on the functioning of different types of stakeholders for development of the effective cybersecurity.Purpose. The main purpose is to research and improve the classification of accounting information users for the enterprises cybersecurity and minimize the variable cyberrisks that threaten different groups of stakeholders.Methods. General scientific empirical, logical and historical methods of cognition of reality in the process of researching the relevance of variable cyberthreats for different types of stakeholders were used. The research is based on general methods of studying economic processes, facts and phenomena from the standpoint of accounting and enterprises cybersecurity. The information base of the research is historical documents on the classification of stakeholders, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists about dividing users of accounting information into types, and so on.Results. It is proved that the classical scientific views on the classification of accounting information users are ineffective for the purposes of enterprises cyberprotection, as they do not take into account the activation of relevant for the digital economy of variable cyberthreats. It is proposed to classify accounting information users by the following criteria: the ability to manage the activities of the business entity, the right of access, the likelihood of cyberthreats, the ability to dispose of the access right, access to accounting objects, functional law, information processing, economic activity, age, organizational and legal form, type of communication channels used, frequency of information acts.Discussion. The use of the proposed stakeholders’ classification helps to identify cyberrisks; prevent, avoid and minimize cyberthreats consequences, relevant to each type of accounting information users, which requires further research about enterprises cybersecurity.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

A New Defect in Polyethylene Single Crystals

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
E. L. Thomas ◽  
S. L. Sass
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Screw Dislocation ◽  
Small Distance ◽  
Dipole Model ◽  
Dislocation Dipole ◽  
Chain Folding ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Polymer Crystal ◽  
Different Types

In polyethylene single crystals pairs of black and white lines spaced 700-3,000Å apart, parallel to the [100] and [010] directions, have been identified as microsector boundaries. A microsector is formed when the plane of chain folding changes over a small distance within a polymer crystal. In order for the different types of folds to accommodate at the boundary between the 2 fold domains, a staggering along the chain direction and a rotation of the chains in the plane of the boundary occurs. The black-white contrast from a microsector boundary can be explained in terms of these chain rotations. We demonstrate that microsectors can terminate within the crystal and interpret the observed terminal strain contrast in terms of a screw dislocation dipole model.

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