METODE KOMBINASI DALAM MENAFSIRKAN SURAT AL-AHZAB (33) : 33

This paper describes the method of interpreting the Koran, the author considers that the interpretation of the Koran is carried out with various methods and ways that have been determined in the rules of interpretation, both through approaches, history, linguistics, social, science, and looking at the interpretations of the commentators. interpretation into four kinds. First, this Tahli>li method seeks to explain the content of the verses of the Qur'an from various aspects, according to the views, tendencies, and wishes of the commentators which are presented in a coherent manner in accordance with the order of the verses in the manuscripts. Second, this ijma>li or global method describes the general meanings contained by the verse. Third, muqa>ran or comparison. The interpretation model in this method is to present verses of the Koran with different editorials from one another, to present verses that have different information content from the hadith and to present various interpretations of the scholars. Fourth, maudhu>'i or thematic, namely methods that direct view on a particular theme. Then look for a particular theme by collecting all the verses that talk about it, analyzing and understanding verse by verse to get a complete interpretation of the theme being discussed.

Art. 11 of the Italian Constitution between text and context

Luigi Bonanate’s book “Costituzione italiana: articolo 11” analyses Article 11 of the Italian Constitution through the prism of its application. Bonanate provides the reader, in a clear and compelling style, with a complete interpretation of Article 11, combining the analysis of the preparatory work in the Constituent Assembly with its doctrinal interpretation and political application. The book does not only analyse the drafting of this article, but also focuses on the “political history of Article 11”, on the contemporary debate by the scientific community and, finally, on its relations with the international legal system.

National in modern composer's work:to the problem of interpreting the song source

The article deals with the specific facets of the issue “Composer and Folklore” based on the example of piano transcriptions in musical and creative practice of Kazakhstan during different decades. Based on the traditions of musicology in the study of national composition schools, the genre that has acquired a special and ever-increasing representative value in the modern cultural situation is presented. In the works that are in active demand in the field of musical performance, the expediency of relying on the text of the original folk source for the implementation of the adequate and complete interpretation (performing, musicological, etc.), regardless of the measure of its rethinking, is emphasized.Since the most bright patterns of folk and “oral and professional creativity” (T.B.Gafurbekov) are interpreted more than once, the versions of various authors are compared. There are comments of the “series of transformations” of the well-known folk song “Kamajay” using musical illustrations. Its two piano variants show the significance of variation methods using genre-style models that bring new meanings to the content of the whole. “Improvisation” (1978) by A.Bestybayev (born in 1959) in the historical context is a symbolic work in view of its obvious conceptuality. The creative figure of the composer himself demonstrates the spiritual potential that will be even more convincingly marked and revealed later.Perspectives of studying the “National” category in its multiple manifestations in the development of the artistic culture of Kazakhstan are seen not only in view of the determination of the broader theoretical context, but also in view of the consistent introduction of works, documents, facts into the research practice, which were for certain reasons “forgotten” or not fully involved [1]. History and traditional values are able to actualize multi-level issues that are significant for the nation’s self-determination on the “global map of the XXI century” (N.А.Nazarbayev) through cultural achievements.

A Geometrical Analysis of Diffraction Based on Fractal Inhomogeneous Space

Although the diffraction of light is a simple experiment in optics, no complete interpretation that satisfactorily describes diffraction in any instance has been developed. Classical physics is unable to describe diffraction phenomena by considering photons solely as particles. In addition, modern mathematical solutions based on the wave-particle duality, including Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theory, are merely approximations, and fail to provide a model that can be applied to the diffraction caused by both transparent and opaque barriers. This study proposes a diffraction model that can account for both single photons and larger particles, such as electrons, in an inhomogeneous space near the surface of the objects, including the edges of the apertures. Furthermore, a three-dimensional model for calculating the light intensity at any arbitrary observation point is presented. This model provides accurate diffraction simulations and is independent of the near and the far-field zones as well as the aperture material.

Metaphor and metonymy in Chinese and American political cartoons (2018–2019) about the Sino-US trade conflict

Political cartoons make meaning by drawing on scenarios that must be immediately recognizable by their intended audience. Crucial meaning-making mechanisms in these scenarios are verbo-visual ensembles of metaphors and metonymies. In this paper we investigate 69 Chinese and 60 American political cartoons published in 2018 and 2019 that pertain to the two nations’ trade conflict. By examining the cross-cultural similarities and differences between metaphors and metonymies, we chart how Chinese and American cartoonists portray this trade conflict. We end by showing how a complete interpretation of the cartoons requires enrichment with insights provided by yet other analytical instruments.

KECENDERUNGAN IDEOLOGIS TAFSIR KHILĀFAH DALAM AL-QUR’AN; ANALISIS TERHADAP PENAFSIRAN TĀHIR IBNU ‘ASHŪR DAN TAQIY AL-DĪN AL-NABHĀNĪ

This article discusses the insight of the khilāfah in the perspective of Ibn Ashur and Taqī al-Dīn al-Nabhānī. This article departs from the problem that the khilāfah discourse continues to be a polemic among interpreters, especially when the khilāfah is associated with the state. From this problem, this article will discuss the concept of khilāfah in the perspective of T}āhir Ibn Ashur and Taqiy al-Dīn al-Nabhāni. Although al-Nabhānī does not have a complete interpretation work like Ibn Ashur, he does interpret the khilāfah verses contained in his works. Both are sunni figures, although in their attitude towards the problems of the state and khilafah they are different. This article questions how Ibn Ashur and al-Nabhāni view the interpretation of the khilāfah verse? And what are the implications of the two interpretations of the Indonesian context? By using a thematic interpretation approach and discourse analysis of the two interpretive works, this study comes to the conclusion that; (1) khilāfah according to Ibn Ashur is the name of leadership that embodies the leadership of the prophet. while Taqiy al-Dīn al-Nabhānī stated that the khilāfah of the leadership system of Muslims throughout the world is to uphold Islamic law and carry Islamic preaching to all corners of the world. The difference between the two figures in understanding the caliphate is, first, the arguments used by Ibn 'Ashūr emphasize more on aspects that are prerequisites for the Caliph in his khilafah, such as those who believe and do good deeds do justice, while Taqiy al-Dīn al-Nabhānī is more leads to the obligation to obey and practice what Allah commands, and the obligation to establish a caliphate. Second, that both of them have differences in the realm of ideology, of course this will have little or much impact on the frame of mind of the two figures, so what the authors find that distinguishes the two figures is that Ibn 'Ashur is more moderate than Taqiyuddin An-Nabahni.

Managerial Judgment In City Benchmarking

One of the weaknesses of past tourism benchmarking studies is treatment of all indicators as equally important, which is oftentimes a consequence of lack of data. Therefore, implications derived from such analyses may not be given a full attention by the affected stakeholders, as in real life situations, they are more likely to allocate a different weight on different objectives for their organizations/destinations. This is where the current study comes in: it delves into inspecting the impact of managerial judgment (i.e., weights) in city destination benchmarking by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA). A rather interesting finding is that the benchmarking partners are allocated based on the weighting of each objective. Thus, this clearly points toward the importance of taking the stakeholders’ judgment into account if aiming at a more complete interpretation of the efficiency scores—an area that is indisputably fully unexplored within the destination benchmarking domain to date.

Pembaruan Fiqih Indonesia (Telaah Tafsir Al-Bayan Karya T.M Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy)

This paper discusses the methodology of interpreting the Koran by Teungku Muhammad Hasbi Ash Shiddieqy in Tafsir al Bayan. Tafsir Al Bayan is one of the interpretations of the work of the nation's children in the mid-20th century using Indonesian. Tafsir Al Bayan contains a complete interpretation of the Koran and 30 juz translations published in 1966. Tafsir Al Bayan is Hasbi's second work in the field of interpretation after he succeeded in writing his first work, Tafsir An Nur complete 30 Juz in 1956. The purpose of this research is to know the methodology of the exegete in interpreting the Koran. The method used in this research is the method of text analysis of the Al Bayan interpretation in particular, as well as referring to Hasbi's other works and studies on the study of the Al Bayan Tafsir and Hasbi's thoughts in various articles and journals. Research on the interpretation of T.M Hasbi in Tafsir Al Bayan produced several findings, namely: 1) Ittijah or the direction of T.M Hasbi's goals in writing Tafsir Al Bayan are; first, to perfect the translations of the Koran that have developed in Indonesian society. Second, provide concise comments explaining the meaning of the verses which require explanation according to the new style of interpreting the verses of the Quran. 2) The method used by T.M Hasbi in interpreting the Koran is the tahlili method by comparing the opinions of other mufassirs. 3) The approach used by T.M Hasbi in interpreting the Qur'an in general is the bir ro'yi approach, but the elements of bil ma'tsur and linguistic elements also color in Hasbi's interpretation. 4) Interpretation style Ttafsir al Bayan is identical to fiqh style which is full of tajdid and ijtihad nuances. T.M Hasbi's appeal and strong encouragement for Tajdid and ijtihad are an important element in distinguishing Tafsir Al Bayan from others.

Initial Evaluation of Rapid, Direct-to-Digital Prostate Biopsy Pathology

Context.— Pathologist interobserver discordance is significant in grading of prostate cancer, limiting reliability. Diagnostic reproducibility may be improved with digital images, but adoption faces workflow, cost, and quality challenges. A novel digital method using an alternative tissue processing approach and novel laser microscopy system potentially addresses these issues. Objective.— To evaluate the capability of this new method for primary diagnostic interpretation in clinical prostate biopsy specimens. Design.— Forty patients with a high likelihood of prostate cancer based on magnetic resonance imaging consented to investigational core biopsy. A subset of samples was used for direct comparison of physical slide preparation effects and time-tracking determination with multiphoton microscopy. Twenty samples were processed for diagnostic comparison between multilevel digital slides and subsequently produced physical slides. A reference diagnosis based on all data was established using grade groups. Level of diagnostic match and requests for immunohistochemistry were compared between physical and digital diagnoses. Immunohistochemical staining and length measurements were secondary outcomes. Results.— Interpretations based on direct multiphoton imaging yielded diagnoses that were at least as accurate as standard histology; cancer diagnosis correlation was 89% (51 of 57) by physical slides and 95% (53 of 56) by multiphoton microscopy. Grade-level concordance was 73% (44 of 60) by either method. Immunohistochemistry for routine prostate cancer–associated markers on these alternatively processed tissues was unaffected. Alternatively processed tissues resulted in longer measured core and cancer lengths, suggestive of improved orientation and visualization. Conclusions.— Findings support high potential for complete interpretation of prostate core biopsies using solely multiphoton microscopy of intact specimens, with potential diagnostic benefits as well as reduced processing time and reduced processing complexity.

Mechagodzilla i kobieta cyborg. Technogroza triumfu nad naturą

Interpretations suggested in this article are based on the fourteenth and the fifteenth God-zilla films, Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974) and Terror of Mechagodzilla (1975), featuring the eponymous icon of the kaijū-eiga (monster films) genre and global pop culture.An analysis of diverse contexts (visual, narrative, structural, and genre) of the cinematic fight of Godzilla (the epitome of Nature) with Mechagodzilla (the epitome of Technology) makes it pos-sible to reveal details of the expression of the desire to acquire and maintain control over technology and, through that, over nature. In the context of the genre of both the analysed films, frightening elements characteristic of a horror film are overcome by mechanisms derived from science fiction, i.e. science and technology, with the concern of civilisation about threats or fatal consequences of the use of devices which get out of control.In the cinematic discourse of images of the conflict of fear of nature with anxieties of civilisa-tion, a technological demon emerges, Mechagodzilla, in an ultra-modern body made from titanium, accumulating the horror of atavistic monsters attacking humans with the new terror of powerful alien machines. The techno-terror of Mechagodzilla is contrasted with original nature, unspoilt by technological interference, which transforms Godzilla, the frightening monster and an archetype of the chaotic and destructive force of natural disasters, into a sympathetic defender of humanity.The sensitivity and cultural tradition of a Western viewer of the films, which serves as the point of departure for the analyses, initially made it difficult to derive a complete interpretation of the message; when the interpretive apparatus was broadened, however, by rooting kaiju eiga in Japanese culture, this helped overcome the problems of interpretation and enriched the reading of Godzilla symbolics with a spiritual element referring to nature.