scholarly journals Currency Reforms in the Polish State After 1945. Legaleconomic Issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Robert Jastrzębski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
World War ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World ◽  
Periodic Changes

Abstract The subject of the article are currency reforms that were carried out after the Second World War in the Polish state. The first legal regulations from 1944 - 45 concerned the unification of the money circulation, which in practice meant the exchange of occupation money for the new currency. However, the repayment of financial claims made before the outbreak of the war was regulated by a decree of 1949. Another monetary reform concerned the new, socialist economic policy of the Polish state. The basis for it was the Act of October 28, 1950 on the change of the monetary system. After this reform, periodic changes in prices and wages were introduced, which were not based on strictly legislative solutions. In practice, these ordinances were in the nature of new monetary reforms. The Act of 1950 was repealed by the Act of 7 July 1994 on the denomination of the zloty.

scholarly journals Procesy inflacyjne w Polsce w latach 1945-1955 - przejawy, fazy, uwarunkowania, konsekwencje. Przyczynek do badań nad inflacją w PRL

2014 ◽  
pp. 93-121
Author(s):  
Jacek Luszniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Wage Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Production ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

The subject of this paper is inflation in Poland in the first decade after the Second World War and its goals include identification of causes, examples, phases and consequences of inflation in People’s Poland in that period. In socialist economy inflation was only in small part expressed by increase in prices and in large part in different examples of “bad” market (shortages, queues, rationing etc.). Therefore the analysis concentrtes on inflation understood as consumer surplus demand. Subsequent parts of the text analyse: theories on inflation sources and mechanisms in socialist economies and inflation in Poland between 1945–1949 and from 1950–1955. Our research showed that consumer surplus demand was almost permanent which allowed to consider inflation (although not in open form) a permanent feature of socialist economy in Poland. The results of research also confirmed the hypothesis on surplus investments in industry as fundamen‑ tal and cyclically returning cause of inflation that existed also in the so called pro‑consumption phases of economic policy. During limited investment expansion periods inflation was limited through severe and consequently executed deflation measures (such as in 1948 and 1949). During conversion to market production similar effect was achieved by blocking wage increase (1954–1955). Sporadic use and ineffectiveness of anti ‑inflation policy instruments was caused primarily by limits set by political and doctrinal principles.

PROCES „INKI” W ŚWIETLE ÓWCZESNEGO PRAWA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Olczyk ◽  
Mateusz Król
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

Danuta „Inka” Siedzik was a nurse. During the Second World War she belonged to the HomeArmy and to the independence organizations, which fighted with communist rule after the war.She was sentenced to death penalty and shot in jail in Gdańsk at the age of 17 for her service andfight. She belongs to cursed soldiers, that means activists of anti-communist underground. Althoughshe died in 1946, her memory has been cultivated only for a dozen or so years.The aim of the article was an analyze of documents and interpret of legal regulations, whichapplied to Inka’ case. In the article compared content of the documents with regulations and thattime. No moral judgment was made on the court’s decision, but were presented only the facts.

Hendrik Draye, tegenstander van de uitvoering van de doodstraf

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Luc Vandeweyer
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Second World ◽  
Young Professor

Hendrik Draye, opponent of the carrying out of the death penaltyIn this annotated and extensively contextualised source edition, Luc Vandeweyer deals with the period of repression after the Second World War. In June 1948, after the execution of two hundred collaboration-suspects in Belgium, the relatively young linguistics professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, Hendrik Draye, proposed, on humanitarian grounds, a Manifesto against the carrying out of the death penalty. Some colleagues, as well as some influential personalities outside the university, reacted positively; some colleagues were rather hesitant; most of them rejected the text. In the end, the initiative foundered because of the emphatic dissuasion by the head of university, who wanted to protect his university and, arguably, the young professor Draeye. The general public’s demand for revenge had not yet abated by then; moreover, the unstable government at that time planned a reorientation of the penal policy, which made a polarization undesirable. Nevertheless, Luc Vandeweyer concludes, "the opportunity for an important debate on the subject had been missed".

scholarly journals Per Ravenna trecentesca: nuove proposte per l’assetto architettonico di Santa Maria in Porto Fuori

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
Fabio Massaccesi
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Church

Abstract This contribution intends to draw attention to one of the most significant monuments of medieval Ravenna: the church of Santa Maria in Porto Fuori, which was destroyed during the Second World War. Until now, scholars have focused on the pictorial cycle known through photographs and attributed to the painter Pietro da Rimini. However, the architecture of the building has not been the subject of systematic studies. For the first time, this essay reconstructs the fourteenth-century architectural structure of the church, the apse of which was rebuilt by 1314. The data that led to the virtual restitution of the choir and the related rood screen are the basis for new reflections on the accesses to the apse area, on the pilgrimage flows, and on the view of the frescoes.

scholarly journals Agency and Analogy in African History: the Contribution of Extra-Mural Studies in Ghana

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 273-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
African History ◽  
World War ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Autobiographical Texts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

As the pioneering generation of postwar British academics retired, some produced autobiographical texts which revealed the personal circumstances and intellectual influences that brought them to the study of Africa. Edited volumes have also provided broader reflections on the academic disciplines, methodologies, and institutions through which these scholars engaged with the continent. In one such text, Christopher Clapham and Richard Hodder-Williams noted the special relationship between extramural studies (also known as university adult education) and the academic study of Africa's mass nationalist movements:The impetus for this study came to a remarkable degree from a tiny group of men and women who pioneered university extra-mural studies in the Gold Coast immediately after the [Second World War], and to a significant extent established the parameters for subsequent study of the subject [African politics]. Gathered together under the aegis of Thomas Hodgkin […], they were led by David Kimble […], and included among the tutors Dennis Austin, Lalage Bown and Bill Tordoff, all of whom were to play a major role in African studies in the United Kingdom over the next forty years.

scholarly journals Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar dengan Metode Contextual Teaching Learning pada Mata Pelajaran Sejarah

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Esmeria Pasaribu
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contextual Teaching ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Second World ◽  
Passing Score ◽  
Test Result

This research’s subject is 36 person of students at class of Social Science-3 grade XII, as the research’s object is the method of Contextual Teaching Learning.  The instrument of collecting data are the questionaire and the students score list . Based on pre test result to the 36 students, shows that 28 who obtained low score predicated ‘not passed’ as had not yet achieved Minimal Passing Score of 70, while the rest of 8 passed by obtaining the passing score. In the first cycle, there were 16 of student passed by obtaining the passing score of 70, whereas the rest of 20 were not passed by did not obtaining the passing score. In the second cycle there were 34 of students passed the test while the rest of 2 students were not passed the test. By based on several results of pre test, post test of the first cycle, and post test of the second cycle, indicated increasing the result of teaching-learning significantly. Therefore, could be concluded that using the method of Contextual Teaching Learning can be increase achievement of student learning at the subject of history on the subject matter of Analising Development of World History and Position of Indonesia in the middle of International Politic and Eco-nomic Changing post Second World War.

Continental Naval Doctrines Between the Wars. The Impact of German Naval Experience on the Italian Navy (1919-1943)

2021 ◽  
pp. 096834452110434
Author(s):  
Fabio De Ninno
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

During the interwar era, German naval history and naval doctrine exercised a profound influence on the development of the Italian Navy. The subject is relevant to understand how continental sea powers naval doctrines developed after the First World War, attempting to integrate new weapon systems to overcome the previous limits of the Fleet in being strategy. Italian naval thinkers incorporated the lessons offered by their German counterparts, preparing to repeat many of their mistakes, which explained in part the failures of Italian sea power in the early years of the Second World War.

SOVIET PRISONERS OF WAR IN GERMANY, 1941–1945 – AN UNDESIRABLE TOPIC FOR GERMAN SOCIETY?

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Valeriy P. Ljubin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
German Society ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

In German and Russian historiography, the tragic fate of the Soviet prisoners of war in Germany during the Second World War has not been suffi- ciently explored. Very few researchers have addressed this topic in recent times. In the contemporary German society, the subject remains obscured. There are attempts to reflect this tragedy in documentary films. The author analyses the destiny of the documentary film “Keine Kameraden”, which was shot in 2011 and has not yet been shown on the German television. It tells the story of the Soviet prisoners of war, most of whom died in the Nazi concentration camps in 1941– 1945. The personal history of some of the Soviet soldiers who died in the German captivity is reflected, their lives before the war are described, and the relatives of the deceased and the surviving prisoners of war are interviewed. The film features the German historians who have written books about the Soviet prisoners. All the attempts taken by the civil society organizations and the historians to influence the German public opinion so that the film could be shown on German television to a wider audience were unsuccessful. The film was seen by the viewers in Italy on the state channel RAI 3. Even earlier, in 2013, the film was shown in Russia on the channel “Kultura” and received the Pushkin Prize.

Henry Rollet. La Pologne au XXe siècle. Paris: Pedone. 1985. Pp. 604.

2004 ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
Józef Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
World War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

This chapter assesses Henry Rollet's La Pologne au XX siècle (1985). This recently published history of contemporary Poland by the outstanding French historian Henry Rollet deserves careful attention both for its grasp of the subject and its discussion concerning nationalism in general and Jewish nationalism in particular. The book consists of four chronological sections: ‘Towards Independence’ (Poland to 1918); ‘The Second Republic’ (the inter-war period); ‘Poland during the Second World War’; and ‘The “People's Democracy”.’ In the presentation of the events down to 1918, the most noticeable observation is Rollet's view that until 1876, the Poles were best off under Prussian occupation. Another statement which also provides much food for thought is that during the liberal period, voluntary, spontaneous Germanization made consistent progress.

Women Had to Wait

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-68
Author(s):  
Malcolm Crook
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Universal Suffrage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Elected Office ◽  
Second World

The process of enfranchisement for women would prove still more protracted than for men. Historians highlight the fact that the female vote in France was obtained as late as 1944, almost a century after all males were enfranchised, but this surprising delay can be partly explained by the precocious arrival of universal manhood suffrage in 1848, often simply referred to as ‘universal suffrage’ by contemporaries. Almost everywhere, there was an interval between the award of votes to men and women, usually shorter where full male suffrage arrived later. This ‘gender gap’, which has been the subject of much discussion of late, was thus exaggerated in France, but women themselves were more active and inventive in demanding the franchise than is often supposed. They were standing for election and holding local office before their right to vote was finally recognized, despite the frustration of their demands, which stemmed from a gendered ideology of citizenship and the particular resistance of male politicians in parliament. In the period after the Second World War their apprenticeship in voting was rapidly accomplished and, of late, French women have achieved a high degree of parity in elected office.

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