Electro-acupuncture on Lower He-sea Points: How Does it Affect Serum HMGB1 and Tissue α7 nAChR in Ulcerative Colitis Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Benzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Α7 Nachr ◽  
Relative Specificity

Abstract Objective: To observe the expression levels of serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) , nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (α7 nAChR) and nuclear factor kappa-B mRNA(NF-κB mRNA) in colon tissue after electroacupuncture (EA) on Shangjuxu, Zusanli, Xiajuxu,Yanglingquan and Chengjin points, by comparison of the different effects we could thus explore the relative specificity of Shangjuxu on treating its corresponding viscera’ s disease. Methods: Seventy SD rats were randomly assigned to seven groups labeled by blank control (A), Model (B), Shang Ju Xu (C), Zu San Li (D), Xia Ju Xu (E), Yang Ling Quan (F), Cheng Jin (G), ten (half males and half females) in each group. Except for the blank control group, animals in other groups were modeled to ulcerative colitis (UC) by lavation of 2-4-6 trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol solution. After successful modeling animals in the five treatment groups were respectively treated with electroaccupuncture at corresponding acupoint for 10 consecutive days. Then histological changes in the colon were observed by light microscopy. ELISA method was used to check models’serum HMGB1 content, and α7 nAChR in the colon were detected by western blot , RT-PCR was used to detecte NF-κB mRNA. Results: ① Compared with the model group, the tissue injury changes in 5 treatment groups improved to a certain extent, and the colon tissue NF-κB mRNA expression of them decreasd signifcantly（P<0.01),as well, the α7 nAChR expression of Shang Ju Xu group, Zu San Li group and Xia Ju Xu group increased signifcantly (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and their serum HMGB1 content made obvious decrease(P<0.01 or P<0.05), the α7 nAChR expression in Yang Ling Quan group was also increased significantly（P<0.01). ② Compared with Shang Ju Xu group, the tissue injury changes of groups including Xia Ju Xu,Yang Ling Quan and Cheng Jin are much severe under light microscope, and the α7 nAChR expression of them decreased with significance（P<0.01),both serum HMGB1 content and colon tissue NF-κB mRNA expression increased significantly as well（P<0.01),the serum HMGB1 content of Zu San Li group also increased significantly（P<0.01). Conclusion: ① Electroacupuncture on all five different acupoints can improve the UC through regulating HMGB1, α7 nAChR and NF-κB mRNA, and effectively inhibiting the immune response, reducing inflammatory response of colon and improving pathological changes of colonic mucosa. ②The effect of treating UC inflammation in rats when electroacupuncture at Shang Ju Xu was better than Zu San Li, Xiajuxu, Yang Ling Quan and Cheng Jin, which demonstrated that Shangjuxu treating UC has some relative specificity.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Regulates Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction by Decreasing Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in a Rat Model of IBS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ying Chen ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Dan-ni Luo ◽  
Hui Zheng ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Sucrose Preference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Double Staining ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups

Objective. Acupuncture is effective for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); however, the mechanisms of action are not fully understood. We aim to explore the mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in the dual regulation of disorders of gut-brain interaction. Methods. A rat model of IBS was generated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Eight of 32 rats were assigned to the blank control group. The remaining 24 rats received CUMS for 14 days. Then, the rats surviving and successfully modelled were randomly divided into the CUMS group, the CUMS+EA group, and the CUMS+PB (pinaverium bromide) group. In the next 14 days of treatment, rats in the CUMS+EA group were acupunctured at ST25 (Tianshu), ST36 (Zusanli), SP6 (Sanyinjiao), and LR3 (Taichong) for 15 min every day. Rats in the CUMS+PB group were treated by the administration of gavage with 2.7 mg/mL pinaverium every day. Visceral pain threshold, the percentage of time spent in open arms (OT%) in the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), and the sucrose preference (SP%) in the sucrose preference test (SPT) were measured at baseline, day 15, and day 30. The expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), the morphology of the connective structure of intestinal epithelium, the CRF and CRF-R1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, and the double staining of intestinal mucosal mast cells (IMMC) and CRF-R1 were measured at the end of the experiment. Results. Compared with the blank control group, visceral pain threshold pressure, the expression of ZO-1, OT%, SP%, CRF, and CRF-R1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, and double staining of IMMC and CRF-R1 were decreased significantly in the CUMS group. Meanwhile, the morphology of the connective structure in the CUMS group was indistinct. Compared with the CUMS group, SP% was significantly increased in the CUMS+EA group, but there was no significant difference for it in the CUMS+PB group. The morphology of the connective structure in the two treatment groups was clear and seeable. And the expression of other parameters mentioned above was apparently increased in the two treatment groups. Compared with the CUMS+PB group, the expression of ZO-1 in the CUMS+EA group was significantly enhanced. And no obvious difference for other parameters was found between the two treatment groups. Conclusions. EA treatment can decrease the expression of hypothalamic CRF and CRF-R1, relieve anxiety and depression, meanwhile reduce the expression of CRF-R1 in the gastrointestinal mucosa, increase ZO-1 expression, and adjust tight junctions (TJs) to repair the intestinal mucosal barrier. The above roles suggest that EA may play a dual role in alleviating the gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms of IBS, suggesting a potentially dual therapeutic role for EA in regulating disorders of gut-brain interaction in IBS rats.

scholarly journals The Healing Effect of Aloe Vera Gel on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rat

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negar Hassanshahi ◽  
Seyed Jalil Masoumi ◽  
Davood Mehrabani ◽  
Seyedeh Sara Hashemi ◽  
Morteza Zare
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
Oral Form

BACKGROUND The use of herbal and synthetic compounds can be effective in improving the areas and repair of tissues that have been affected during the processes like what happens in ulcerative colitis (UC) as a common inflammatory disorder. According to the beneficial effects of aloe vera, in this study, we aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of oral aloe vera gel on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats by histopathological and molecular analysis of Bax, and BCL-2 genes expression (using RT-PCR technique) in colon tissue samples. METHODS This experimental study comprised 32 adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighting 220 ± 20 g that were randomly divided into four groups as follows. The control group (healthy rats), colitis group in which UC was induced by transrectal administration of 3% acetic acid with no treatment, oral form of sulfasalazine group in which UC was induced by transrectal administration of 3% acetic acid, then was treated by oral administration of sulfasalazine 500 mg/kg body weight, and the fourth group which received oral form of aloe vera gel (200 mg / kg) for 21 days, respectively after induction of UC. Then, the therapeutic effects of treatment groups were compared with the control group and the colitis group with no treatment, by the assessment of histopathological and molecular changes in the colon tissues of rats on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using statistical tests. RESULTS Histologically, aloe vera gel treatment could reduce and heal colon tissue damages in induced colitis. Also, this gel reduced apoptosis in rat’s colon with acetic acid-induced colitis, which showed in significantly decreased in Bax mRNA expression and significantly increased BCL-2 mRNA expression compared with the colitis group with no treatment. CONCLUSION Aloe vera gel has a significant effect on the treatment of UC in rat because of the beneficial effect that was found from aloe vera such as decreasing the severity of colitis as evidenced by histopathological findings, and with respect to apoptosis and gene expression that were related to wound healing process, and suppression of the elevation of Bax mRNA with the upregulation of Bcl-2, which can be considered effective in the treatment of UC.

scholarly journals Tocotrienol Attenuates Stress-Induced Gastric Lesions via Activation of Prostaglandin and Upregulation of COX-1 mRNA

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Fahami Nur Azlina ◽  
Yusof Kamisah ◽  
Kien Hui Chua ◽  
Hj Mohd Saad Qodriyah
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Gastric Acidity ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Gastric Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Rat Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Cox 1

The present study aims to distinguish the effect of tocotrienol on an important gastric protective factor, prostaglandin E2(PGE2), in stress-induced gastric injury. Twenty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups of seven rats each. Two control groups were fed commercial rat diet, and two treatment groups were fed the same diet but with additional dose of omeprazole (20 mg/kg) or tocotrienol (60 mg/kg). After 28 days, rats from one control group and both treated groups were subjected to water-immersion restraint stress for 3.5 hours once. The rats were then sacrificed, their stomach isolated and gastric juice collected, lesions examined, and gastric PGE2content and cyclooxygenase (COX) mRNA expression were determined. Both the regimes significantly attenuated the total lesion area in the stomach compared to the control. Gastric acidity, which was increased in stress, was significantly reduced in rats supplemented with omeprazole and tocotrienol. The PGE2content was also significantly higher in the rats given tocotrienol supplementation compared to the control followed by an increase in COX-1 mRNA expression. We conclude that tocotrienol supplementation protected rat gastric mucosa against stress-induced lesions possibly by reducing gastric acidity and preserving gastric PGE2by increasing COX-1 mRNA.

scholarly journals POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES ACTIVITY IN A RAT MODEL OF COLITIS

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Gustavo de OLIVEIRA ◽  
André Luiz da CUNHA ◽  
Amaury Caiafa DUARTE ◽  
Maria Christina Marques Nogueira CASTAÑON ◽  
Júlio Maria Fonseca CHEBLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
Increased Activity

ContextInflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, comprising a broad spectrum of diseases those have in common chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, histological alterations and an increased activity levels of certain enzymes, such as, metalloproteinases.ObjectivesEvaluate a possible correlation of disease activity index with the severity of colonic mucosal damage and increased activity of metalloproteinases in a model of ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium.MethodsColitis was induced by oral administration of 5% dextran sulfate sodium for seven days in this group (n=10), whereas control group (n=16) received water. Effects were analyzed daily by disease activity index. In the seventh day, animals were euthanized and hematological measurements, histological changes (hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian Blue staining), myeloperoxidase and metalloproteinase activities (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were determined.ResultsDextran sulfate sodium group showed elevated disease activity index and reduced hematological parameters. Induction of colitis caused tissue injury with loss of mucin and increased myeloperoxidase (P<0.001) and MMP-9 activities (45 fold) compared to the control group.ConclusionsIn this study, we observed a disease activity index correlation with the degree of histopathological changes after induction of colitis, and this result may be related mainly to the increased activity of MMP-9 and mieloperoxidase.

The Effect of EA on the Gastric Mucosal Histology and ITF mRNA Expression in Stress-Induced Rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (06) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014
Author(s):  
Xi-Ping Li ◽  
Jie Yan ◽  
Shou-Xiang Yi ◽  
Xiao-Rong Chang ◽  
Ya-Ping Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Histological Change ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Gastric Mucosal Lesion ◽  
Intestinal Trefoil Factor ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Stomach Meridian

This study focuses on the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the gastric mucosal histology and ITF (intestinal trefoil factor) mRNA in stress-related rat, and the relationship between the gastric protective mechanism of EA at acupoints of Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (SMFY) group and Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang (GMFS) group. Forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: blank control group (BCG), model control group (MCG), SMFY group (EA at acupoints of SMFY for 7 days before model inducing), and GMFS group (EA at acupoints of GMFS for 7 days before model inducing). All rats (except normal group) were made model by water immersion and restriction (WRS) on day 7, then the gastric mucosal lesion index (GUI) was accessed, ITF mRNA expression of the tissue was detected by reverse- transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, and the histological change under light microscope was observed. As a result, the GUI value in SMFY/GMFS groups decreased significantly ( p < 0.05 or 0.01). The level of ITF mRNA expression in SMFY group was significantly higher than that in MCG ( p < 0.01), while that in GMFS group was higher than MCG but there was no statistical difference ( p < 0.05). This result may be due to the intrinsic mechanism of EA's gastric mucosal protection by the upregulation of ITF mRNA expression in gastric mucosal tissue, and the expression variance indicated the classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory "Relative Particularity between SMFY and Stomach.".

scholarly journals A Stereological Study on Colon Tissue Layers of Type 1 Diabetic Rats Following Thiamine and Lead Acetate Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
Rahmat Allah Fatahian Dehkordi ◽  
◽  
Soren Nooraie ◽  
Alborz Yadollahi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background and Aim: Diabetes is a well-known disease with such complications, as retinopathy, nephropathy, and gastropathy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thiamine and lead acetate on the colon of induced-alloxan diabetic rats; the effects of which become obvious in the treatment or reduction of tissue complications caused by diabetes. Methods & Materials: In this study, 63 rats weighing 200 g were divided into 9 groups, as follows: 1) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 200 ppm; 2) Group of thiamin+pb acetate 200 ppm; 3) Group of thiamine+pb acetate 1000 ppm; 4) Group of diabetes+thiamine+Pb acetate 1000 ppm; 5) Diabetes group; 6) Group of diabetes+thiamine; 7) Group of diabetes+thiamine+acetate 200 ppm; 8) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 1000 ppm, and 9) the control group. After 20 days, the study samples were removed from the abdominal cavity and the slides were prepared by routine tissue method. Then, the slides were evaluated for stereological and histomorphometric studies. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University (Code: GRN1M1903). Moreover, all methods used in the present study, including facilitation, were conducted per the ethical principles of animal restraint. Results: The mean thickness of mucosa-sub-mucosa suggested significant differences in groups 6 and 7, compared to other treatment groups. There was a significant difference in the thickness of the muscle layer between the control and all treatment groups except for groups 2, 6, and 7. There was no significant difference in the mean thickness of advantia layer in groups 1, 7, and 8, and the control group. The obtained results also indicated a significant difference concerning different layers of colon tissue between group 1 and controls. Conclusion: Based on the present research results, thiamine presented enhancing effects on muscle layer thickness and adventitia layer thickness. Furthermore, the area of the mucosal layer was not affected by the improving effects of thiamine.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation with dried tuber of Jerusalem artichoke on skatole level in backfat and CYP2E1 mRNA expression in liver of boars

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Zadinová ◽  
Antonín Stratil ◽  
Mario Van Poucke ◽  
Luc J. Peelman ◽  
Jaroslav Čítek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Entire Male

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing different levels of dried tuber of Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, on skatole levels in back fat and on the CYP2E1 mRNA expression in the liver of commercial crossbred pigs. A total of 23 uncastrated male pigs from 10 litters of a commercial crossbred population of Large White × (Landrace × Large White), were used in this study. Boars were randomly divided into four different dietary treatment groups - a control group (K1; 5 boars; without supplementation of Jerusalem artichoke,) and three experimental groups (6 boars each) that were fed with the diet containing different levels of dried Jerusalem artichoke (K2 – 4.1%; K3 – 8.2%; K4 – 12.2%) for 14 days before slaughter. Significant effects of diet on skatole levels were observed between the control group and the experimental groups (P = 0.0078). The lowest level of skatole was in the K3 group with 8.2% of Jerusalem artichoke. As for CYP2E1, a negative correlation was observed between the levels of skatole and CYP2E1 mRNA expression. Significant effect (P = 0.0055) was found in all experimental groups compared to the K1 group, and most pronounced in the K2 and K3 groups. The supplementation with Jerusalem artichoke resulted in lower level of skatole and higher CYP2E1 mRNA expression. The results suggest that affecting the expression of CYP2E1 by feed supplements could be an option to effectively reduce the levels of skatole in adipose tissue of entire male pigs.

Effects of Curcumin Chitosan Microspheres on the Expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-6 in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-815
Author(s):  
Shujiao Yu ◽  
Yuanhua Huang ◽  
Guodong Huang ◽  
Jun Xiong ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Chitosan Microspheres ◽  
Model Control

The aim of this study was to observe the therapeutic effect of curcumin chitosan microspheres (CCM) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. Rat UC model was prepared by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) method. All animals were divided into blank control group (BCG), model control group (MCG), mesalazine enteric-coated tablets group (MECT), curcumin chitosan microsphere low (CCML), medium (CCMM) and high dose groups (CCMH). Starting from the third day after model establishment, the rats were intra-gastrically administered for 10 days. On the 14th day of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. The colon tissues and serum samples were collected and the expression of NF-κB P65 protein was detected by immune histochemical streptavidin-perosidase (SP) method. The levels of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-6 in serum were determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The colonic mucosal injury score of MCG was increased; The serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were increased, while the IL-4 content was decreased; The expression of NF-κB in the colonic mucosa was reduced after TNBS challenge. The histological injury scores of colonic mucosa, the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in CCM-treated rats were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) as compared with MECT group. While, the content of IL-4 was significantly higher than that of MCG and MECT groups (P < 0.01). Curcumin chitosan microspheres provide a potential therapeutic strategy for treating UC in clinic.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue Formula against 5/6 Nephrectomy-Induced Chronic Renal Failure in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Rao Lu ◽  
Hai-Yan Han ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Chong-Xiang Xiong ◽  
Xin-Hua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Amelioration ◽  
Serious Disease

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a serious disease related to increasing incidence and prevalence as well as decline in quality of life. Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue formula (BSHX), one of traditional herbal formulations, has been clinically employed to treat CRF for decades, but the mechanisms involved have not been investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BSHX on some closely related parameters in 5/6 nephrectomy CRF rats. Rats with CRF were divided into five groups, namely, one control group, one enalapril group, and three BSHX treatment groups (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg·d). The rats subjected to sham operation were used as a normal control. After eight weeks of treatment, BSHX significantly decreased the levels of Scr and BUN, downregulated the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1, CTGF, NF-κB, TNF-α, and OPN, upregulated the mRNA expression of PPARγ, and reducedin situexpression of fibronectin and laminins. Histological findings also showed significant amelioration of the damaged renal tissue. BSHX protects 5/6 nephrectomy rats against chronic renal failure probably via regulating the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, TGF-β1, CTGF, PPARγ, OPN, fibronectin, and laminins and is useful for therapy of CRF.

Feasibility study of morphine-induced rat pica model by tail vein injection to replace vomiting model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-366
Author(s):  
Weijian ZHOU ◽  
◽  
Pengju BAO ◽  
Wenjun GUO ◽  
Ting HONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
Tail Vein Injection

Objective： To explore the feasibility of the morphine-induced rat pica model by tail vein injection to replace the vomiting model，and the effective dose of morphine with less severe complications when the model was developed.Methods： Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into the blank control group and the M1，M2，M3 and M4 groups，each consisting of 10 animals. The rats in the blank control group were injected with 10 ml/kg normal saline（NS） via tail vein，while the animals in the M1，M2，M3 and M4 groups were injected with morphine hydrochloride injection at a dosage of 5，10，20 and 30 mg/kg via tail vein.Heart rate，blood oxygen saturation and activities of the animals were closely observed and recorded at 5，10 and 15 minutes after medication.Then，changes in the intake of kaolin，feed and water of the rats in each group were recorded and compared between the groups for 4 successive days after medication.Results： The blood oxygen saturation in the morphine treatment groups all reduced significantly，and statistical significance could be seen，when it was compared with that of the blank control group（P<0.05）.On the first day after medication，the intake of kaolin in the M3 and M4 groups increased significantly，as compared with that of the blank control group（P<0.05）.On the third day after medication，the intake of kaolin in the M1 group significantly increased，as compared with that of the blank control group（P<0.05）.Conclusion： The rat pica model was established by tail vein injection of morphine，which could be used to replace the vomiting model.The effective dose of morphine was 20 mg/kg with less severe complications.

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