VISUAL RESPONSES IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
T. Berry Brazelton ◽  
Mary Louise Scholl ◽  
John S. Robey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Test Object ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Neonatal Examination

Ninty-six infants were tested for their ability to fix on, pursue, and alert to a test object visually. These infants were evaluated for subsequent development. Of the 9 infants later deemed to be abnormal or suspect, none showed positive visual responses in the newborn period. However, 57.5% of the normal infants demonstrated this ability. Opticokinetic responses were obtained in 76% of the normal group but in none of the suspect. Eliciting visual responses as part of the neonatal examination may offer reassurance to the clinician as to the infant's future prognosis. Their absence on any one examination is not a definite indication of central nervous system deficit. The capacity of a neonate to fix, follow, and alert to a visual stimulus appears to be good evidence for an intact central nervous system.

LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE INCIDENCE OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE FOLLOWING ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-350
Author(s):  
MARGARET H. JONES ◽  
RUSSELL SANDS ◽  
CAROL B. HYMAN ◽  
PHILLIP STURGEON ◽  
FREMONT P. KOCH
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
Childrens Hospital ◽  
Infancy And Childhood

One hundred unselected cases of erythroblastosis fetalis treated at Childrens Hospital in the newborn period have been followed from six months to five years in an effort to evaluate the relation of central nervous system signs in the newborn period to neuromuscular handicap and overall development later. Of those showing no central nervous system signs in the newborn period 4% showed definite abnormality later. Of those showing equivocal signs in the newborn period 33% showed definite abnormality later. Of those having definite signs early, 100% continued to show abnormality in infancy and childhood. There was no relation of the severity of the signs in the newborn period to the severity of the later handicap. It is suggested, therefore, that one cannot be certain of the later normality of an infant showing no definite or equivocal central nervous system involvement in the newborn period. Careful following of all erythroblastotic infants until six to eight years of age or longer is advisable.

Functional Evidence for Neurone Fields Representing the Individual Arms Within the Central Nervous System of Octopus

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-511
Author(s):  
M. J. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Test Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tactile System

1. Octopuses blinded by section of the optic nerves were trained by means of 5-10 V. a.c. shocks to reject objects that they would otherwise take. 2. With trials at 3, 5, or 20 min. intervals, in which the test object was always presented to the same arm, animals learned within four or five trials, thereafter rejecting the test object whenever it was presented. 3. When, after a succession of such negative responses, the object was presented to another arm on the other side of the octopus, the result depended upon the rate of training before the change. Thus the object was taken in the trial immediately following the arm change in nineteen out of twenty-six sets of tests with trials at 3 or 5 min. intervals, but in only two out of twelve sets with trials at 20 min. intervals; further experiments in which changes were made between arms on the same side produced similar results. 4. These results are interpreted as showing that changes occurring as a result of experience directly affecting one arm take a period of several hours to spread and become effective in determining the reactions of the rest. This in turn implies the existence of functionally independent neurone fields representing the individual arms, and is discussed in relation to what is already known about the organization of the tactile system of the octopus.

scholarly journals Optic neuritis at the nexus of peripheral autoimmunity and central nervous system demyelination: a nationwide cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Sheng Lin ◽  
Ho-Min Chen ◽  
Chih-Chao Yang ◽  
Ta-Ching Chen ◽  
Jou-Wei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Central Nervous System Demyelination

Abstract Background Long-term course of optic neuritis is heterogeneous and varies across populations. We aim to investigate immune-related determinants that predict conversion of optic neuritis (ON) to multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in a nationwide cohort. Methods We conducted the population-based cohort study using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Incident ON cases during 2003~2014 were followed until the end of 2015. Pediatric and adult sub-cohorts were examined separately. The associations between immune-related comorbidities or treatment and outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 11923 adult and 1365 pediatric ON patients were enrolled. The rates of conversion to MS were 2.7% for adult and 3.1% for pediatric ON with median follow-up duration of 6.3 and 7.3 years respectively, while 1.2% of pediatric and adult ON evolved to NMO. Comorbid systemic lupus erythematosus was associated with increased risks of subsequent development of MS in adult (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.80; 95% CI, 1.04-7.49) and pediatric ON patients (aHR, 21.65; 95% CI, 1.29-363.4). Adult ON patients were at increased risks of NMO if comorbid with myasthenia gravis (aHR, 9.13; 95% CI, 1.20-69.45) or Sjogren’s syndrome (aHR, 4.71; 95% CI, 1.74-12.76). Conclusion ON could be the sentinel event linking several peripheral autoimmune comorbidities to distinct forms of central nervous system demyelination. The clinical context in which ON occurs should be taken into account in the care and counseling of these patients.

scholarly journals Effects of High Stimulus Frequencies on SEPs of Patients with Neuro-Behcet's Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
Hande Turker ◽  
Nilgun Cengiz ◽  
Handan Akar ◽  
Musa K. Onar ◽  
Onder Us
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Behçet’S Disease ◽  
Behcet’S Disease ◽  
Behçet's Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Behcet's Disease

Background:Behcet's disease is a multisystemic vascular inflammatory disorder of unknown origin. It is relatively rare and central nervous system involvement is seen in 5% of affected individuals. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) can provide information that shows the presence of clinically unsuspected lesions in the central nervous system of these patients. However, the effects of changing the stimulus frequencies on latencies of SEP potentials and central conduction time (CCT) in patients with neuro-Behcet's disease (NB) have not been studied yet. In this study, our aim was to reveal these effects to investigate whether the change of stimulus frequencies could be of convenient use in obtaining more accurate CCT estimations in SEP studies of these patients.Methods:We performed median nerve SEPs of 14 patients with NB and 15 healthy volunteers. We changed the stimulus frequency: 2 Hz, 4Hz, 6Hz and 9Hz in successive recordings and statistically compared the changes on SEP potentials and peak and onset CCT in the neuro-Behcet (NB) group and the normal group.Results:Our results indicated that the onset CCT values of the NB group were higher than the normal group at 4Hz and 9Hz stimulations. However, the comparison of peak CCT in the NB group and the normal group did not show any statistically meaningful differences at all stimulation frequencies.Conclusion:Onset CCT has not been measured before in former SEP studies of patients with NB. We highly recommend measuring onset CCT at higher stimulation frequencies in order to reveal central conduction time pathologies in these patients.

The Involvement of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders and Behaviour

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (S3) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. López-Ibor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

There is evidence that serotonin (5-HT) is involved both in a wide range of psychiatric conditions and in specific behaviours which, in themselves, cannot be considered pathological. Besides the affective disorders (both depressive and manic, and both in full-blown episodes and during the intervals between these, which are seen as vulnerability to relapse) several other conditions need to be considered (Table I). There are also claims that serotonin metabolites or structurally related substances are involved, in their role as false neurotransmitters, in delusions and psychedelic phenomena, as in the case of LSD (Mantegazzini, 1960) or 5-hydroxytryptolines in delusions related to alcoholism (Daviset al, 1967).This wide range of conditions raises the questions of how specific is the involvement of serotonin, and of what artifacts are present in attempts to investigate its actions. Page, who isolated 5-HT in 1948, stated (1968) that “serotonin has many functions but few have been sharply defined. The great variety of suggested roles can be said to be a tribute to man's ingenuity and his unquestionable willingness to write papers”. Since then, many more roles have been proposed for the involvement of 5-HT in functions of the central nervous system. Nevertheless, good evidence does exist that serotonin has some specific relationships to psychiatric disorders which are worth pursuing, in spite of great methodological difficulties.

scholarly journals Brachial Plexopathy from Metaldehyde Poisoning – A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-843
Author(s):  
See-Teng Tan ◽  
Guanglin Chen ◽  
Wai Ching, Deanna Lee ◽  
You-Jiang Tan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Brachial Plexopathy ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Sensorimotor Deficits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right

We describe the case of a middle-aged female with schizophrenia, who developed acute sensorimotor deficits of the right upper limb within a week of ingesting large amounts of metaldehyde in a suicide attempt. A right-sided brachial plexopathy was diagnosed clinically and supported by electrophysiologic assessments and targeted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Although metaldehyde’s neurotoxicity typically affects the central nervous system, focal involvement of the peripheral nervous system remains unreported in medical literature, and its pathogenic processes await further elucidation. Therefore, we recommend the continued observation for the subsequent development of sensorimotor deficits during the first week of metaldehyde poisoning.

OBSERVATIONS ON HEROIN AND METHADONE WITHDRAWAL IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mahender Reddy ◽  
Rita G. Harper ◽  
Gertrude Stern
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
High Incidence

Retrospective analysis of 40 infants born to heroin addicted mothers revealed that 85% developed withdrawal symptoms consisting of central nervous system, gastrointestinal and respiratory disturbances, some within hours of their birth. Respiratory depression at time of delivery was not a prominent feature of these children, suggesting that even in utero, tolerance to chronic narcotic usage develops. A high incidence of low birth weight infants noted by previous authors is substantiated by our study. More than half of these infants were small for gestational age infants rather than true premature infants. Although the morbidity was high, the mortality was limited to two infants both below 1,000 gm birth weight. Serious congenital malformations were not noted in our study. Withdrawal symptoms were also observed in infants born to methadone-maintained mothers. These infants exhibited a withdrawal pattern consisting of central nervous system, gastrointestinal and respiratory disturbances. Pediatricians should be aware that infants born to methadone maintained mothers may be seriously compromised in the newborn period.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

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