OBSERVATIONS ON HEROIN AND METHADONE WITHDRAWAL IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mahender Reddy ◽  
Rita G. Harper ◽  
Gertrude Stern
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
High Incidence

Retrospective analysis of 40 infants born to heroin addicted mothers revealed that 85% developed withdrawal symptoms consisting of central nervous system, gastrointestinal and respiratory disturbances, some within hours of their birth. Respiratory depression at time of delivery was not a prominent feature of these children, suggesting that even in utero, tolerance to chronic narcotic usage develops. A high incidence of low birth weight infants noted by previous authors is substantiated by our study. More than half of these infants were small for gestational age infants rather than true premature infants. Although the morbidity was high, the mortality was limited to two infants both below 1,000 gm birth weight. Serious congenital malformations were not noted in our study. Withdrawal symptoms were also observed in infants born to methadone-maintained mothers. These infants exhibited a withdrawal pattern consisting of central nervous system, gastrointestinal and respiratory disturbances. Pediatricians should be aware that infants born to methadone maintained mothers may be seriously compromised in the newborn period.

Letter To The Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-603
Author(s):  
Ricki F. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Neurologic Outcome ◽  
Developmental Outcome ◽  
Single Variable ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Newborn Period

The purpose of this study1 was not to identify any single variable that, by itself, could predict neurologic or developmental outcome in premature infants. Rather, it was to further investigate the previously published finding that acidosis was one of the factors in the newborn period that was influential in predicting poor motor performance and neurologic outcome at 2 years in very low birth weight infants.2 As stated in the introduction, we sought to determine whether it was the metabolic or respiratory component of acidosis that was associated with poor outcome.

LABORATORY CRITERIA OF PERINATAL DAMAGE OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AT PREMATURE NEWBORNS

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1516
Author(s):  
Viktoria A. Petrashenko ◽  
Andrii M. Loboda ◽  
Olexandr I. Smiyan ◽  
Sergii V. Popov ◽  
Svetlana N. Kasyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Premature Newborns ◽  
Premature Children ◽  
Cns Lesions

Introduction: Fetal and neonatal hypoxia takes a special place among the damaging factors of central nervous system (CNS). All forms of oxygen deficiency are accompanied by the development of bioenergetic hypoxia, which leads to tension of metabolic processes of the organism. Metabolic effect of hypoxia includes stark reduce of mitochondrial activity due to a significant inhibition enzymes of the Krebs cycle: succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In newborn babies is not always possible to objectively assess the condition of the CNS defeat, because very often the severity of lesions does not correspond to clinical symptoms, especially in premature newborns. So far determination the severity of hypoxic-ischemic CNS lesions is still very actual in modern medicine. More objective method of such an assessment is determine the activity of neurospecific enolase (NSE). The aim of the paper is to increase the efficiency of diagnosis of hypoxic CNS lesions in premature infants by determining the activity of NSE and study energy supply during the neonatal period. Materials and methods: The concentration of NSE, SDH and LDH were determined in 15 conventionally healthy preterm infants (CHPI), which made the comparison group, and 64 premature babies with hypoxic-ischemic CNS lesions, which were divided into three groups: I group – 26 premature children with mild CNS lesions; II group – 20 premature children with severe hypoxic lesions and low birth weight; III group – 18 premature newborns with severe damage of central nervous system and extremely low birth weight. NSE activity was determined by enzyme immunoassay using reagents of the company «Fujirebio» (Sweden) on an automatic analyzer «Multiscan Plus» company «Labsystems» (Finland). Material for investigation was peripheral venous blood of newborns, which collected by vein punction at morning on an empty stomach. Results and conclusions: Metabolic effect of hypoxia in premature infants manifested by severe inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory activity, which appears in the reduction of aerobic enzyme activity of SDH and activation serum LDH. During the neonatal period in infants with perinatal hypoxic- ischemic lesions of the CNS levels of the of NSE, SDH and LDG aren’t normalized, that indicated on energy deficiency and requires the development of effective methods of correcting this condition. Perinatal hypoxia in premature neonates causes significant alteration of neuronal membranes and increase concentration in blood such neurospecific protein as NSE, whose concentration correlates with the degree of severity of CNS injury.

scholarly journals Embryology of Spinal Dysraphism and its Relationship to Surgical Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 736-746
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Eagles ◽  
Nalin Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Spinal Dysraphism ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Pathological Correlation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT:Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term that encompasses a number of congenital malformations that affect the central nervous system. The etiology of these conditions can be traced back to a specific defect in embryological development, with the more disabling malformations occurring at an earlier gestational age. A thorough understanding of the relevant neuroembryology is imperative for clinicians to select the correct treatment and prevent complications associated with spinal dysraphism. This paper will review the neuroembryology associated with the various forms of spinal dysraphism and provide a clinical-pathological correlation for these congenital malformations.

Glioblastoma Multiforme with Hypodipsic Hypernatremia in a Seven-Month-Old Golden Retriever

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Engel ◽  
Karen Marie Hilling ◽  
Travis Kuder Meuten ◽  
Chad Brendan Frank ◽  
Angela J. Marolf
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Golden Retriever ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT Primary hypodipsic hypernatremia is a rarely reported disease in dogs. Reported underlying causes associated with this disease in dogs include congenital malformations, encephalitis, intracranial neoplasia, and pressure atrophy of the hypothalamus secondary to hydrocephalus. The dog in this report had an infiltrative neoplastic disorder, likely causing damage to the hypothalamic osmoreceptors responsible for the thirst generation. The neoplastic process was identified histopathologically as glioblastoma multiforme, an unusual tumor to occur in a dog this young. A tumor of the central nervous system causing physical destruction of the osmoreceptors has rarely been reported in dogs and none of the previously reported cases involved a glial cell tumor.

scholarly journals The efficacy of fortified human milk compared to human milk alone for the growth of low birth weight infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Kumara Wati Ketut ◽  
Soetjiningsih Soetjiningsih ◽  
Suandi IKG ◽  
Hamid H A
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Length Increment

Objective To evaluate the growth of low birth weight infants fedby fortified human milk (FHM) compared to human milk (HM) alone.Methods Sixty premature infants enrolled in this study and ran-domly assigned to have FHM and HM delivered by infusofeedpump,in parallel, non-blinded controlled trial. All patients were followeduntil day 30 or until discharge, whichever came first. The weightgain was recorded daily, while length and head circumference in-crement were recorded weekly.Results The FHM group gained more weight than the HM group(335.0+55.5 g vs. 290.6+108.4 g, p=0.000, 95%CI -170.2;-81.2),larger length increment (1.9+1.1cm vs. 1.2+0.4cm, p=0.000, 95%CI-1.37;-0.55), and larger head increment (1.87+1.1cm vs.0.91+0.43cm, 95%CI -1.37;-0.55). A similar result was found whenthe group was divided into subgroup of 1000-1499 g and 1500-1999 g birth weight. The larger calorie intake in the FHM groupwas the reason for better growth. No adverse effect related to theintervention was found.Conclusion The study shows the benefit of FHM in growth of lowbirth weight infants, which is consistent when the group is dividedinto 1000-1499 g birth weight and 1500-1999 g birth weight subgroups. Better growth is achieved through higher calorie intake inthe FHM group. No adverse effect is found as a consequence ofintervention

scholarly journals The incidence and pathophysiology of neurological symptoms in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Miroslav M. Odinak ◽  
Nikolay V. Tsygan ◽  
Aleksander V. Ryabtsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The central nervous system seems to be quite vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a variety of alteration pathways, high incidence and variability of the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. The COVID-19 symptoms, possibly associated with alteration to the central nervous system, include hyperthermia, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, dizziness, dysphonia, dysphagia, hyposmia and anosmia, hypogeusia and ageusia, impairment of consciousness. The impairment of olfaction and gustation are the most common symptoms of the nervous system alteration (98% and 70%, respectively), which is most likely a consequence of the alteration of the receptors. Presumably the pathogenesis of dysphonia and dysphagia may involve neurodegenerative mechanisms or may be associated with a predominantly demyelinating alteration of the caudal cranial nerves. Pathomorphological findings in the brain of the COVID-19 patients include diffuse hypoxic and focal ischemic injuries of various sizes up to ischemic infarctions (in thrombosis of large arteries); microangiopathy; vasculitis; diapedetic and confluent hemorrhages with possible progression to hemorrhagic infarctions and rarely intracerebral hematomas. Acute cerebrovascular accident worsens the course of COVID-19 and can worsen the clinical outcome, taking into account the mechanisms of the central nervous system alteration in highly contagious coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), including embolism, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, systemic inflammatory response and immune-mediated alteartion to the nervous tissue. A fairly rare complication of coronavirus infection, however, acute myelitis requires attention due to the severity of neurological disorders. The literature data show high incidence and polymorphism of the symptoms of the central nervous system alteration, as well as the important role of the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of brain alteration in COVID-19, which is taken into account in examining and treating the patients with new coronavirus infection. (1 figure, bibliography: 61 refs)

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