TWO-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY: A METHOD TO STUDY NORMAL AND ABNORMAL VENTRICLES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-174
Author(s):  
Cesare T. Lombroso ◽  
Giuseppe Erba ◽  
Takeo Yogo ◽  
Nancy Logowitz
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Ultrasonic Technique ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Radiological Investigation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Temporal Horn ◽  
The Brain

The authors describe an atraumatic diagnostic test apt to reveal the presence of hydrocephalus and other intracerebral anomalies in the child. It utilizes a multilevel, two-dimensional (B-mode) ultrasonic technique that is painless, safe, and easily repeatable. The use of ultrasound in neurological investigation is reviewed briefly and the advantages and disadvantages of A-mode (unidimensional) versus B-mode scanning (two-dimensional) are considered. Standards for the technique of multilevel B-mode scanning are proposed. Their validity was tested by visual and statistical correlation between ventricular measurements obtained by this technique and those obtained by classic radiological investigation. High values of the correlation coefficient were found. The results collected in scanning a group of approximately 600 infants and children are described for each of the following ventricular portions: the third ventricle, the anterior horns and the bodies of the lateral ventricles, and the trigone-temporal horn complex. Other indices of significance were those relating to the midline structures, whose shifts can be accurately predicted, and the Brain Mantle Index, which can give a rough estimate of regional or diffuse atrophic processes. While certain landmarks (such as those pertaining to the midline, third and lateral ventricles) are frequently obtained and measurable, others like those pertaining to the trigone and temporal horns are much less easily detected. Illustrative scans in normal and abnormal subjects are presented. It was concluded that this technique, although unable to outline the contour of the ventricles, lends itself to a general anatomical survey of the ventricular system both for normative purposes as well as detection of important anomalies.

scholarly journals Surgical approaches to the third ventricle of the brain in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Sergey K. Gorelyshev ◽  
Olga A. Medvedeva
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Pineal Region ◽  
Anterior Horn ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Transcallosal Approach ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
The Brain

AIM: This study aimed to describe and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches to neoplasms of the third ventricle of the brain in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study analyzed surgical interventions to the third ventricle in 657 patients, performed at the Academician N.N. Burdenko of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery from 1998 to 2018. These included 375 patients with intra-extraventricular craniopharyngiomas and 282 patients with gliomas of the third ventricle and chiasm. The patients age ranged from 3 mon to 18 years old. RESULTS: The anterior transcallosal approach provides access to the anterior horn and bodies of the lateral ventricles, as well as the third ventricle. The transfornical approach provides more opportunities for access to both the anterior and posterior parts of the third ventricle; however, it has a high risk of trauma to the fornix. The subchoroidal approach provides a very good view of the posterior parts of the third ventricle, especially of the pineal region; however, it has even greater restrictions on viewing its anterior parts. When compared with the transcallosal approach, the transfrontal approach can be used more safely in the absence of hydrocephalus (if the tumor is located in the anterior horn). No specific complications were inherent in a particular approach (seizures were registered in 1%, transient hemiparesis was noted in 10%, and transient memory impairments were revealed in 5% of cases). CONCLUSION: The use of a transcallosal approach is safe even in infants. The transcortical approach is recommended mainly for large tumors of the lateral ventricles, and the transcallosal approach should be used for small tumors of the third ventricle. No specific complications were inherent in a particular approach, and the choice was determined by the assessment of the exact location of the tumor and calculation of the most relevant trajectory for its achievement as well as the aim (biopsy or radical removal). Analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and neuronavigation are significant in the selection of surgical approaches.

scholarly journals III. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrated animals. Part I.—Ichthyopsida. Section I.—Pisces. Subsection III.—Dipnoi. On the brain of the Ceratodus forsteri

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Large Size ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Tela Choroidea ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The brain of Ceratodus has the following general arrangement:—The membrane which represents the pia mater is of great thickness and toughness; there are two regions where a tela choroidea is developed: one where it covers in the fourth ventricle, and the other where it penetrates through the third ventricle and separates the lateral ventricles from each other. The ventricles are all of large size, and the walls of the lateral ventricles are not completed by nervous tissue. The thalamence-phalon and the mesencephalon are narrow, and the medulla oblongata is wide.

Symptomatic xanthogranuloma of choroid plexus with unilateral hydrocephalus

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Brück ◽  
Ulrich Sander ◽  
Peter Blanckenberg ◽  
Reinhard L. Friede
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Cystic Lesions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Temporal Horn ◽  
Colloid Cysts ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Xanthogranulomas involving the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles are generally asymptomatic lesions. The case is reported of a 50-year-old man in whom a xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus had occluded the left trigone, causing unilateral hydrocephalus of the left temporal horn and neurological symptoms. A review of the literature shows that xanthogranulomas of the glomus of the lateral ventricles differ from the xanthomatous cystic lesions of the third ventricle, which are probably akin to colloid cysts.

Experimental Third Ventriculostomy Performed Using Endovascular Surgical Techniques and Their Adaptation to Percutaneous Intradural Neuronavigation: Proof of Concept Cadaver Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Horowitz ◽  
Kamal Ramzipoor ◽  
Ajit Nair ◽  
Susan Miller ◽  
George Rappard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cadaver Study ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Abstract OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has developed into a therapeutic alternative to shunting for the management of carefully selected patients with primarily noncommunicating hydrocephalus. This procedure, however, requires a general anesthetic and necessitates violation of the brain parenchyma and manipulation near vital neural structures to access the floor of the third ventricle. Using two cadavers and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters, we sought to determine whether it was possible to navigate a catheter, angioplasty balloon, and stent percutaneously through the subarachnoid space from the thecal sac into the third ventricle so as to perform a third ventriculostomy from below. METHODS Using biplane angiography and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters along with angioplasty balloons and stents, we were able to pass a stent coaxially from the thecal sac to and across the floor of the third ventricle so as to achieve a third ventriculostomy from below. RESULTS Coaxial catheter techniques allowed for the percutaneous insertion of a stent across the floor of the third ventricle. Ventriculostomy was confirmed by injecting contrast medium into the lateral ventricle and seeing it pass through the stent and into the chiasmatic cistern. CONCLUSION We describe the performance of third ventriculostomies in two cadavers by use of the new concept of percutaneous intradural neuronavigation. This procedure may obviate the need for general anesthetic and minimize the potential for brain and vascular injury, especially if ultimately combined with magnetic resonance fluoroscopy.

COLLOID CYSTS OF THE THIRD VENTRICLE: A REVIEW OF SIXTEEN CASES

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-64
Author(s):  
Y Srinivas Rao ◽  
Hemal Chheda ◽  
Ch Surendra ◽  
M V Vijayasekhar ◽  
K Satya Varaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Benign Lesion ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Colloid Cyst ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Complete Excision ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Colloid Cysts

BACKGROUND : Colloid cysts are one of the rare brain tumours and are mostly located in the anterosuperior portion of the third ventricle, between the fornix and surround of Foramen of Monroe. OBJECTIVES: Ÿ 1.To review the demographic information & analyse clinical manifestations of patients presenting with colloid cyst of third ventricle. Ÿ 2.To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches Ÿ 3.To assess the surgical outcome in colloid cyst patients operated by any method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 16 patients who presented with a colloid cyst and underwent surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery, King George Hospital, Andhra Medical College between 2013-2018. They were evaluated based on clinical ndings and imaging features, surgical approaches used for resection and their outcomes. RESULTS: Sixteen cases of colloid cyst of the third ventricle were operated upon between 2013-2018. There were seven male and nine female patients with their ages varying between 9 and 62 years old. Nine patients were operated on by using a transcortical trans-ventricular approach, four using the anterior trans-callosal approach and, three patients by using an endoscopic approach. In all patients, complete excision of the lesions was achieved. CONCLUSION: Colloid cysts, though benign, present surgical challenges because of its deep midline location. Complete excision of the colloid cyst carries an excellent prognosis. Surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for this benign lesion.

General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ignacio Bernabeu ◽  
Monica Marazuela ◽  
Felipe F. Casanueva
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Perivascular Space ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
The Brain

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon associated with visceral, autonomic, endocrine, affective, and emotional behaviour. It lies in the walls of the third ventricle, separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus. The rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is roughly defined as a line through the optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, and anterior commissure, and an imaginary line extending from the posterior commissure to the caudal limit of the mamillary body represents the caudal boundary. Externally, the hypothalamus is bounded rostrally by the optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tract, and posteriorly by the mamillary bodies. Dorsolaterally, the hypothalamus extends to the medial edge of the internal capsule (Fig. 2.1.1) (1). The complicated anatomy of this area of the central nervous system (CNS) is the reason why, for a long time, little was known about its anatomical organization and functional significance. Even though the anatomy of the hypothalamus is well established it does not form a well-circumscribed region. On the contrary, it is continuous with the surrounding parts of the CNS: rostrally, with the septal area of the telencephalon and anterior perforating substance; anterolaterally with the substantia innominata; and caudally with the central grey matter and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. The ventral portion of the hypothalamus and the third ventricular recess form the infundibulum, which represents the most proximal part of the neurohypophysis. A bulging region posterior to the infundibulum is the tuber cinereum, and the zone that forms the floor of the third ventricle is called the median eminence. The median eminence represents the final point of convergence of pathways from the CNS on the peripheral endocrine system and it is supplied by primary capillaries of the hypophyseal portal vessels. The median eminence is the anatomical interface between the brain and the anterior pituitary. Ependymal cells lining the floor of the third ventricle have processes that traverse the width of the median eminence and terminate near the portal perivascular space; these cells, called tanycytes, provide a structural and functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the perivascular space of the pituitary portal vessels. The conspicuous landmarks of the ventral surface of the brain can be used to divide the hypothalamus into three parts: anterior (preoptic and supraoptic regions), middle (tuberal region), and caudal (mamillary region). Each half of the hypothalamus is also divided into a medial and lateral zone. The medial zone contains the so-called cell-rich areas with well-defined nuclei. The scattered cells of the lateral hypothalamic area have long overlapping dendrites, similar to the cells of the reticular formation. Some of these neurons send axons directly to the cerebral cortex and others project down into the brainstem and spinal cord.

Critical surgical anatomy of the ventricular system

2010 ◽  
pp. 674-680
Author(s):  
George Samandouras
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
System P

Chapter 12.1 covers critical surgical anatomy of the ventricular system, including brief surgical embryology, brief clinical histology, the lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the fourth ventricle, and major cisterns.

Maternal exposure to methylmercury causes an impairment in ependymal cilia motility in the third ventricle and dilation of lateral ventricles in mice offspring

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (16) ◽  
pp. 1253-1259
Author(s):  
Teruki Hagiwara ◽  
Hajime Hagino ◽  
Kaho Ueda ◽  
Mina Nakama ◽  
Takeshi Minami
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Ependymal Cilia

scholarly journals Cilia-driven flows in the brain third ventricle

2019 ◽  
Vol 375 (1792) ◽  
pp. 20190154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Eichele ◽  
Eberhard Bodenschatz ◽  
Zuzana Ditte ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Günther ◽  
Shoba Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ventricular Wall ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
The Third ◽  
Directional Transport ◽  
The Brain

The brain ventricles are interconnected, elaborate cavities that traverse the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is, to a large part, produced by the choroid plexus, a secretory epithelium that reaches into the ventricles. CSF is rich in cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles that glide along the walls of ventricles, powered by bundles of motile cilia that coat the ventricular wall. We review the cellular and biochemical properties of the ventral part of the third ventricle that is surrounded by the hypothalamus. In particular, we consider the recently discovered intricate network of cilia-driven flows that characterize this ventricle and discuss the potential physiological significance of this flow for the directional transport of CSF signals to cellular targets located either within the third ventricle or in the adjacent hypothalamic brain parenchyma. Cilia-driven streams of signalling molecules offer an exciting perspective on how fluid-borne signals are dynamically transmitted in the brain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.

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