Carbohydrate Malabsorption in Necrotizing Enterocolitis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Linda Sue Book ◽  
John J. Herbst ◽  
August L. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Carbohydrate Intolerance ◽  
Prospective Investigation

A prospective investigation was conducted to determine if infants with necrotizing enterocolitis had evidence of carbohydrate intolerance prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of advanced disease. Stool specimens were examined for fecal reducing substances with Clintest tablets from well, full-term infants and sick premature infants. Only two of 45 (4.4%) formula-fed, full-term infants demonstrated higher than 2 + fecal reducing substances. Ten of 14 (71%) formula-fed premature infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis had higher than 2 + reducing substances detected in their stools. Daily measurement of fecal reducing substances can be a useful adjunct in the management of sick premature infants.

The Auditory Steady-State Response: Full-Term and Premature Neonates

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 260-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cone-Wesson ◽  
John Parker ◽  
Nina Swiderski ◽  
Field Rickards
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Steady State Response ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
State Response ◽  
Auditory Steady State Response

Two studies were aimed at developing the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) for universal newborn hearing screening. First, neonates who had passed auditory brainstem response, transient evoked otoacoustic emission, and distortion-product otoacoustic emission tests were also tested with ASSRs using modulated tones that varied in frequency and level. Pass rates were highest (> 90%) for amplitude-modulated tones presented at levels ≥ 69 dB SPL. The effect of modulation frequency on ASSR for 500- and 2000-Hz tones was evaluated in full-term and premature infants in the second study. Full-term infants had higher pass rates for 2000-Hz tones amplitude modulated at 74 to 106 Hz compared with pass rates for a 500-Hz tone modulated at 58 to 90 Hz. Premature infants had lower pass rates than full-term infants for both carrier frequencies. Systematic investigation of ASSR threshold and the effect of modulation frequency in neonates is needed to adapt the technique for screening.

Round Table Discussion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
HEYWORTH N. SANFORD ◽  
J. HAROLD ROOT ◽  
R. H. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infant ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Round Table Discussion ◽  
Premature Births ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant

Chairman Sanford: Dr. Herman N. Bundesen, Commissioner of Health of Chicago, organized 12 years ago the "Chicago Premature Plan." This consists in registering all premature infants with the City Health Department within a few hours after birth. The premature infant who is born at home, or in a hospital that does not have adequate premature care, is transported in an oxygenated incubator ambulance to a hospital which specializes in such care. From 1936 to 1947 premature infant deaths in Chicago have been lowered 6½%. The full term infant death rate during the same period has been lowered about 3%. Inasmuch as the premature death rate has been lowered about double that of the full term infant rate, we believe this procedure has been the cause of reduction. In 1936 there were 47,000 live births in Chicago. In 1947 there were 82,000, or an increase of 80%. In this number the full term infants increased from 45% to 60%, whereas the premature infants increased from 2000 to over 5000, or about 140% increase of premature infants born in Chicago during the last 10 years. This adds a considerable increase to the number of infants for our available premature infants beds. Where formerly we planned 5 premature births to each 100 full term births, we now find that prematures have increased to 8 per 100 full term infants. Causes of prematurity are multiple births, toxemia, heart disease, syphilis, tuberculosis, infections, accidents, premature separation of the placenta and abnormalities of the reproduction tract. It is generally understood that there is a tendency for more premature births among the Negro race than the white race.

URINARY EXCRETION OF PHENOLIC AND INDOLIC COMPOUNDS, METACATECHOLAMINES, AND VMA BY FULL-TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-783
Author(s):  
Demetre Nicolopoulos ◽  
Anthony Agathopoulos ◽  
Calliope Danelatou-Athanassiadou ◽  
Marianthi Bafataki
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Homogentisic Acid ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Catabolic Pathways ◽  
Indolic Compounds

The 24-hour urinary excretion of phenolic and indolie compounds, metacatechol-amines, and VMA by full-term and premature infants on their first and fifteenth days of life was studied. The presence of metabolites from all three main catabolic pathways of tryptophan was noted in both groups of infants. 3-indole-acetic and 3-indole-propionic acids were present on the first day of life in the urine of full-term infants, but they were absent on the fifteenth day. Twenty phenolic acids were observed in both groups of infants, but their excretion varied a great deal. Homogentisic acid was not excreted on the first day of life of full-term and premature infants, but it was found in the urine of full-term infants on the fifteenth day of life. The variations of excretion of VMA generally followed that of metacatecholamines. The excretion of VMA by the premature infants on their fifteenth day of life is four- to fivefold that of the first day and reaches adult levels, in contrast to the moderate decrease of VMA excretion of the fuil-term infants on the fifteenth day. The degree of maturation of the enzymic systems involved is discussed as a probable cause of these variations.

ANALYSIS OF FETAL AND NEONATAL DEATHS IN 4117 CONSECUTIVE BIRTHS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
HERBERT C. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Postmortem Examinations

An analysis of the significant causes of death in 4117 consecutive births was made; there were 66 fetal deaths and 85 neonatal deaths. A significant cause of death was determined in 51 fetuses and 56 live-born infants. Eighty-five per cent of the live-born infants who weighed over 1000 gm. at birth and had postmortem examinations had causes of death which were considered to be significant. Almost half of the live-born premature infants with birth weights between 1000 and 2500 gm. were considered to have had more than one significant cause of death. The so-called significant causes of death among live-born infants differed from those determined for fetuses dying before birth. Among the former, pathologic conditions in the infants were determined four times more frequently than in those dying before birth and, in the latter, maternal complications of pregnancy and labor were diagnosed as significant causes of death five times more frequently than in infants dying in the neonatal period. Hyaline-like material in the lung was considered to be the most frequent significant cause of death in live-born premature infants; congenital malformation and anoxia resulting from complications of labor were the most frequently determined significant causes of death in live-born full term infants. No differences were found in the significant causes of death in premature and full term fetuses. Anoxia resulting from accidental and unexpected interruption of the blood flow in the placenta and umbilical cord and from dystocia was the most frequently determined significant cause of death in both groups. A plea has been made for the adoption by obstetricians, pathologists and pediatricians of a formal uniform plan of classifying the causes of fetal and neonatal death which would divest current efforts to determine the cause of death of as much vague terminology and arbitrary opinion as possible.

ALVEOLAR-ARTERIAL O2 AND CO2 DIFFERENCES AND THEIR RELATION TO LUNG VOLUME IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Thibeault ◽  
E. Poblete ◽  
P. A. M. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Oxygen Gradient ◽  
Thoracic Gas Volume ◽  
Gas Volume

Twenty-six premature and five full-term infants, ranging in birth weight from 860 to 4,040 gm and in age from 3 hours to 98 days, were the subjects of this study. Measurements of thoracic gas volume and determination of alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradient were performed. All infants showed a decrease in thoracic gas volume in the first days of life. The initial high thoracic gas volume is thought to be due to trapped gas. The ability to trap gas was demonstrated in a number of infants. In the full-term infant the decrease in thoracic gas volume is associated with improvement in lung function. In the premature infants the decrease in lung volume is associated with a persistently elevated alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and in an inequality of perfusion and ventilation, as evidenced by the large arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradient. In a small group of infants increase in functional residual capacity produced by negative pressure around the chest resulted in a decrease in the carbon dioxide and oxygen gradients, indicating that the infant's lung volume is less than optimum. These observations characterize in physiological terms some of the respiratory difficulties in small premature infants.

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN THE PREMATURE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436
Author(s):  
E. Poblete ◽  
D. W. Thibeault ◽  
P. A. M. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Low Levels

Carbonic anhydrase activity was measured in the blood of premature and full-term infants to determine if the arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradient was related to low levels of carbonic anhydrase. The time at which levels in these infants approached the adult was studied as well. The study demonstrates that CO2 gradients do not correlate with blood carbonic anhydrase activity, and minimal or no activity can be associated with a small gradient. An increase in the carbonic anhydrase activity-produced by transfusion did not significantly change the CO2 gradient. Premature infants approach adult levels of activity in 6 to 7 months.

A STUDY OF THE UPTAKE OF IODINE (I-131) BY THE THYROID OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-509
Author(s):  
Edgar E. Martmer ◽  
Kenneth E. Corrigan ◽  
Harold P. Charbeneau ◽  
Allen Sosin
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Polyethylene Tube ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Difference

In a series of 65 premature infants weighing from 991 to 2481 gm. and 5 full-term infants from 2522 to 2694 gm., who were from 1 to 63 days old, the uptake of I-131 by the thyroid 24 hours following the administration of 5 µc. orally or by means of a polyethylene tube in the stomach, as measured by both a Geiger-Mueller counter and a scintillation counter, ranged from 10 to 60 per cent. In 2 cases with an uptake of less than 10 per cent and 3 cases bordering 60 per cent, technicalities and the possible surreptitious use of thyroid by the mother may account for the variation. The range of uptake of I-131 as recorded in this series of infants is within the limits of normal as recorded in studies of children and adults using the Geiger-Mueller counter. The difference in percentage uptake as recorded by the Geiger-Mueller counter and the scintillation counter, after acquiring experience with the equipment, was less than 5 per cent. The technique, and the scintillation counter used, are described. I-131 administered orally or by a polyethylene tube in the stomach is well tolerated and in this series did not cause vomiting. The activity of the thyroid gland in premature and full-term infants, as revealed by the uptake of I-131 24 hours following administration, is discussed and evidence is presented that in such individuals the thyroid functions in a manner similar to that found in children and adults.

PLACENTAL TRANSFUSION AND HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN THE PREMATURE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saroj Saigal ◽  
Allison O'Neill ◽  
Yeldandi Surainder ◽  
Le-Beng Chua ◽  
Robert Usher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Red Cell Volume ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Volume Measurements

Placental transfusion has been compared in premature and full-term infants. Blood volume measurements showed that the 5-minute transfusion was similar in full-term and premature infants (47% and 50% increase in blood volume from birth). A larger proportion of the 5-minute transfusion occurred by 1 minute in full-term (76%) than in premature infants (56%). Placental transfusion, by increasing red cell volume, greatly enhanced the severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin concentrations of 15 mg/100 ml developed in only 6% of premature infants when cord clamping was immediate, in 14% when cord clamping was delayed 1 minute, and in 38% after a 5-minute delay in cord clamping.

scholarly journals P1816KIDNEY DAMAGE IN NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS OF PREMATURE BORN INFANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iuliia Kyslova ◽  
Nataliia Chornopyshchuk ◽  
Olga Yablon ◽  
Anastasiia Konoplitska ◽  
Roman Chornopyshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Free Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background and Aims Neonatal kidney damage can be the result of hypoxic-ischemic events or nephrotoxic drugs. The long-term effects of hypoxia on the kidneys are still unclear. Unlike full-term infants, premature infants of less than 36 weeks of gestational age exhibit persistent nephrogenesis According to literature database, ischemia as well as reperfusion and infection (hypoxia, acidosis, hypotension, the action of free oxygen radicals) are also major risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The aim is to establish the peculiarities of kidney damage in necrotizing enterocolitis of premature infants who died from it and infants with NEC surviving. Method The study involved 54 of premature infants: 21 infants with NEC stage II and III who died (group A), 43 infants who survived with similar stages of NEC (group B). Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out on a personal computer using STATISTICA 6.1 and IBM SPSS. Results Infants in group A had significantly higher body weight - (1371.2±70.5) g than infants in group B - (1163.9±51.6) g (p<0.05). Gender peculiarities were established: boys (66.7%) were significantly more prevalent in group A, i.e. there were twice more boys among the dead (χ2 = 7.679; p = 0.006). In 85.7% children with NEC stage II and III who died was diagnosed perinatal hypoxia and 90.5% infants of this group have perinatal infections, p<0.01. The level of serum urea and creatinine in children with NEC who died was significantly higher (21.2±2.9 mmol/l and 175.8±23.7 μmol/l respectively) than in premature infants who survived with NEC (6.8±0.6 mmol/l and 76.0±6.9 μmol/l, respectively), (p<0.01). Odds ratio (OR) of lethal outcome in premature infants with NEC and elevated levels of urea (OR = 12.364; 95% CI: 3.415–44.768) and creatinine (OR = 8.267; 95 % CI: 2.447-27.589). In premature infants who died, one of the most frequent causes of death was acute kidney damage - in 8 (38.1%) infants, among other causes one of the most common causes was endogenous intoxication in 8 (38.1%) infants, rarely other causes. Conclusion Hypoxia and infections during pregnancy and during the birth of premature infants played a significant role in develop of kidney damage. Elevated levels of urea and creatinine in premature infants with NEC one of the factors that associated with mortality.

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