scholarly journals The essential role of theory in minimizing harm from emerging technologies. Lost in committee?. •

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-885
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gullo ◽  
John B. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
Reinforcement Magnitude ◽  
Future Focus

AbstractA coherent framework for addressing risk arising from new technologies is needed. In proposing a framework of broad application and future focus, where empirical evidence is scarce, reliance on strong theory becomes all the more important. Some technologies are more prone to excessive engagement than others (i.e. more addictive). Some users are also more susceptible to excessive engagement than others. Impulsivity theory emphasises the importance of reinforcement magnitude in determining the risk associated with a new technology, and that an individual's sensitivity to reinforcement (reward drive) and capacity to inhibit previously reinforced behaviour (rash impulsiveness) determines their susceptibility to problematic engagement. Online gaming provides a good example of how such theory can be applied to facilitate intervention efforts and develop policy.

New Technologies and the Prospects for Europe's Farmers

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
Patrick Commins ◽  
James V. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Commercial Viability

This article examines possible future developments with particular references to the role of new technology and the implications for Europe's agricultural producers. The main proposition is that the maintenance of commercial viability will oblige producers to adopt innovations and new practices, but the most successful will be farmers with the greater economic resources and superior managerial abilities. The outcome will be increasing socio-economic differentiation within the EEC population of agricultural producers and an increasing proportion of farm output coming from the top 20 per cent of farmers in the Community.

Affect and iconicity in phonological variation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Annette D'Onofrio ◽  
Penelope Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Basic Level

Abstract The study of iconic properties of language has been marginalized in linguistics, with the assumption that iconicity, linked with expressivity, is external to the grammar. Yet iconicity plays an essential role in sociolinguistic variation. At a basic level, repetition and phonetic intensification can intensify the indexicality of variables. Iconicity plays a further role in variation in the form of sound symbolism, linking properties of sounds with attributes or objects. Production studies have shown some phonological variables exhibiting sound symbolism, particularly in the expression of affect. In some cases, the observation of sound symbolism has been largely interpretive. But in others, stylistic variability as a function of speaker affect has provided empirical evidence of iconicity. This article examines the role of iconicity and performativity in transcending the limits of reference, reviews iconicity in production studies, and provides experimental evidence that sound symbolism influences how listeners attribute affect to linguistic variation. (Variation, iconicity, affect)

Intergenerational hybrid products in periods of discontinuous change

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilian Gatti Junior ◽  
Alceu Salles Camargo Junior ◽  
Paul Varella
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Discontinuous Change ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Hybrid Products ◽  
Organizational Inertia

PurposeThis study examines the role of hybrid products employed in companies' innovation strategy within three American industrial sectors: tires, typewriters and photography cameras.Design/methodology/approachThe authors selected historical cases that enabled us to present the role of hybrid products in periods of discontinuous change. Different sources are employed in this study: papers, books, cases, working papers, videos, manuals and product catalogues, companies' annual reports, company websites, advertising, collectors' websites and museums, in addition to press and other media reports.FindingsThe authors’ historical case analysis points to two forms of hybrid products. (1) Exploitation-hybrid, which incorporates significant elements from the existing dominant design and aims at extending the revenue-generating opportunities of the existing products. (2) Exploration-hybrid, which works as an offensive strategy, as the firm uses the exploration-hybrid to promote a gradual and controlled adoption of new technology by reducing risks and the cost of change for the customer.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ proposed definitions strengthen the idea that hybrids are not only a reflection of organizational inertia (exploitation-hybrid). Hybrids can also mean a more proactive stance in the strategy of developing and adopting new technology (exploration-hybrid).Originality/valueThis study acknowledged hybrid products as a learning instrument that materialized the organizational ambidexterity, favoring at the same time exploitation, generally attributed to organizational inertia, and the exploration of new segments of customers or the use of new technologies.

Reimagining the future of gas

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Angus Jaffray
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Well Performance ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
And Storage

To meet the twin objectives of limiting climate change and providing affordable energy to a growing and urbanised population, natural gas must adapt its role in a changing energy market and remain competitive with other sources of energy longer term. Santos is ensuring its role in this future by incorporating technology into its existing operations to improve energy efficiency, reduce operating costs and reduce emissions. The declining cost of new technology, historic production data and analytics create opportunities to improve efficiency in existing facilities. As new technologies such as variable renewable power generation increase their market penetration, the role of gas and the opportunities for gas producers are also changing. Santos is investigating several projects that incorporate new technology and leverage these market changes. These projects include: • conversion of existing operations to run partially or fully on renewable power to reduce fuel consumption, reduce emissions from Santos’ operations, improve reliability and make more product available to the market; • using predictive analytics to improve well performance; • using technology to improve logistics performance; and • leveraging Santos’ existing infrastructure footprint to develop commercial-scale gas, renewable and storage hybrid power projects.

Whither Parties? Hume on Partisanship and Political Legitimacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL E. LANDIS
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Psychological Experience ◽  
The Ideal

Recent work by party scholars reveals a widening gap between the normative ideals we set out for political parties and the empirical evidence that reveals their deep and perhaps insurmountable shortcomings in realizing these ideals. This disjunction invites us to consider the perspective of David Hume, who offers a theory of the value and proper function of parties that is resilient to the pessimistic findings of recent empirical scholarship. I analyze Hume's writings to show that the psychological experience of party informs the opinions by which governments can be considered legitimate. Hume thus invites us to consider the essential role parties might play in securing legitimacy as that ideal is practiced or understood by citizens, independent of the ideal understandings of legitimacy currently being articulated by theorists. My analysis contributes to both recent party scholarship and to our understanding of the role of parties in Hume's theory of allegiance.

scholarly journals The Role of Emerging ICT in the Ports: Increasing Utilities According to Shared Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Russo ◽  
Giuseppe Musolino
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Port Operation ◽  
Port Operations ◽  
Generalized Cost

Geographical location, infrastructures, and services are the main consolidated pillars of a port in terms of its capacity to compete and cooperate with other ports. In the last years, a new pillar was identified: emerging technologies. Ports’ issues were initially solved with individual ICT solutions adopted by each decision-maker, which generated efficiencies in the three main port flows: cargo, information, and financial. However, new benefits and challenges are connected with the introduction of shared emerging ICT among decision-makers inside ports. The crucial issue concerns the fact that several decision-makers could share a decision about a single-port operation. Therefore, the effectiveness and efficiency of ports depend on how the interactions between the decision-makers are solved. Port operations are associated with movements (cargo) and transactions (information and financial) in a synchronic graph, which allows highlighting the role of emerging technologies in the modification of port operation generalized cost, considering the different decision-makers. The focal point concerns the building of a theoretical model using the formal equations of Transport System Models (TSMs) for the estimation of the cost for a Unit of Load (UL), e.g., a container traveling along a path, composed of a sequence of port operations, inside a port with and without emerging technologies. The proposed theoretical model provides the possibility of estimating ex ante the reduction of cost (port time of UL) given by introducing new technologies and a Port Community System (PCS). Different scenarios, considering some cases, ranging from the absence of ICT to the presence of a PCS, are compared, considering the different situations from a non-congested port to a congested one. The main results of the study and its novelty concern, on the one hand, the extension of TSMs to port systems, highlighting the problem of a non-single decision-maker (two or more) in some port operations and, on the other hand, the possibility of reducing the generalized cost (e.g., time) in the same operations in which there are concurrent decision-makers, through the use of an advanced PCS. The reported numerical example confirms the theoretical results. The work can be useful for researchers for port planners (e.g., port authorities) because it permits evaluating the utility for introducing shared emerging technologies using advanced PCS in a unified view.

scholarly journals eHealth technologies and the know-do gap: exploring the role of knowledge mobilisation

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-701
Author(s):  
Sheena Asthana ◽  
Rod Sheaff ◽  
Ray Jones ◽  
Arunangsu Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Knowledge Mobilisation ◽  
Experience Of Care ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Patients Experience

Background: eHealth technologies are widely believed to contribute to improving health and patients’ experience of care and reducing health system costs. While many studies explore barriers to and facilitators of eHealth innovation, we lack understanding of how this knowledge can be translated into workable, practicable and properly resourced knowledge mobilisation (KM) strategies.Aims and objectives: This paper describes the aims, methods and outputs of a large European Union funded project (eHealth Productivity and Innovation in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (EPIC)) to support the development of a sustainable innovation ecosystem in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, in order to explore how knowledge mobilisation activities can help bridge the know-do gap in eHealth.Conclusions: Preparatory knowledge sharing, linkage making and capacity building are necessary preliminaries to co-production, with an emphasis on capturing the uses to which patients, carers and health workers want to put new technologies rather than promoting new technology for its own sake. Financial support can play a key role in supply-side dynamics, although the contextual and organisational barriers to eHealth innovation in England should not be underestimated.

Innovation and Technological Change: An Austrian-British Comparison

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Alderman ◽  
M M Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Innovative Performance ◽  
New Process ◽  
Growing Body

Despite a growing body of empirical evidence that demonstrates the nature of spatial variations in innovation and the adoption of new technologies, few studies have been conducted in such a way as to enable direct comparisons between different countries, either to establish international differences in innovative performance or to identify differences in regional patterns in different national contexts, particularly between EC and non-EC countries within Europe. In this paper the results of recent surveys of comparable industries in Great Britain and Austria are used to begin to address this issue, with particular attention to some of the inherent difficulties in undertaking such comparisons. By using a mixture of simple cross-tabulations and multivariate logit models, differences between the two countries in the adoption of a number of new process technologies based upon microelectronics in the spheres of manufacturing production, design, and coordination are identified. It is suggested that, not only does Austria lag Great Britain in the introduction of new technology, but that variations between similar types of region are more pronounced and entrenched in Austria at the present time.

scholarly journals From libertarian paternalism to liberalism: behavioural science and policy in an age of new technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Dario Krpan ◽  
Milan Urbaník
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Libertarian Paternalism ◽  
Behavioural Science ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Behavioural Interventions ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Ethical Debate ◽  
Virtual And Augmented Reality

Abstract Behavioural science has been effectively used by policy makers in various domains, from health to savings. However, interventions that behavioural scientists typically employ to change behaviour have been at the centre of an ethical debate, given that they include elements of paternalism that have implications for people's freedom of choice. In the present article, we argue that this ethical debate could be resolved in the future through implementation and advancement of new technologies. We propose that several technologies which are currently available and are rapidly evolving (i.e., virtual and augmented reality, social robotics, gamification, self-quantification, and behavioural informatics) have a potential to be integrated with various behavioural interventions in a non-paternalistic way. More specifically, people would decide themselves which behaviours they want to change and select the technologies they want to use for this purpose, and the role of policy makers would be to develop transparent behavioural interventions for these technologies. In that sense, behavioural science would move from libertarian paternalism to liberalism, given that people would freely choose how they want to change, and policy makers would create technological interventions that make this change possible.

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