Innovation and Technological Change: An Austrian-British Comparison

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Alderman ◽  
M M Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Innovative Performance ◽  
New Process ◽  
Growing Body

Despite a growing body of empirical evidence that demonstrates the nature of spatial variations in innovation and the adoption of new technologies, few studies have been conducted in such a way as to enable direct comparisons between different countries, either to establish international differences in innovative performance or to identify differences in regional patterns in different national contexts, particularly between EC and non-EC countries within Europe. In this paper the results of recent surveys of comparable industries in Great Britain and Austria are used to begin to address this issue, with particular attention to some of the inherent difficulties in undertaking such comparisons. By using a mixture of simple cross-tabulations and multivariate logit models, differences between the two countries in the adoption of a number of new process technologies based upon microelectronics in the spheres of manufacturing production, design, and coordination are identified. It is suggested that, not only does Austria lag Great Britain in the introduction of new technology, but that variations between similar types of region are more pronounced and entrenched in Austria at the present time.

Technological Change and the International System

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen V. Milner ◽  
Sondre Ulvund Solstad
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
International System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Adoption Of New Technology

ABSTRACTDo world politics affect the adoption of new technology? States overwhelmingly rely on technology invented abroad, and their differential intensity of technology use accounts for many of their differences in economic development. Much of the literature on technology adoption focuses on domestic conditions. The authors argue instead that the structure of the international system is critical because it affects the level of competition among states, which in turn affects leaders’ willingness to enact policies that speed technology adoption. Countries adopt new technology as they seek to avoid being vulnerable to attack or coercion by other countries. By systematically examining states’ adoption of technology over the past two hundred years, the authors find that countries adopt new technologies faster when the international system is less concentrated, that changes in systemic concentration have a temporally causal effect on technology adoption, and that government policies to promote technology adoption are related to concerns about rising international competition. A competitive international system is an important incentive for technological change and may underlie global technology waves.

The Psychological Impact of New Technologies: Anticipation of Stress

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (13) ◽  
pp. 811-815
Author(s):  
Charles M. Slem ◽  
Daniel J. Levi ◽  
Andrew Young
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Role Overload ◽  
Reduction In Force ◽  
Organizational Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Slem, Levi and Young (1986) developed a model of the psychological impact of technological change on the workforce. The purpose of current research was to investigate the relationship between stress and technological change. The “Impact of Technological Change Survey” was administered to workers in five large electronics manufacturing corporations. Almost one-third of the workforce believed that technological change would make the individual's job more stressful. Over 20% were worried about the future of their jobs. Anticipated role conflict, role ambiguity, and quantitative role overload produced the strongest and most consistent relationships with the global measure of stress. Qualitative role overload and beliefs about reduction in force were more closely allied to job insecurity stress. Anticipated stress is reduced somewhat when technological change is seen as providing personal and organizational benefits or when the organization is perceived as effectively dealing with the transition to the new technology.

scholarly journals Role reconfiguration: what ethnographic studies tell us about the implications of technological change for work and collaboration in healthcare

BMJ Leader ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. leader-2020-000224
Author(s):  
Heloise Agreli ◽  
Ruthanne Huising ◽  
Marina Peduzzi
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Leadership Challenges ◽  
Health Occupations ◽  
Ethnographic Studies

New technologies including digital health and robotics are driving the evolution of healthcare. At the same time, healthcare systems are transitioning from a multiprofessional model approach of healthcare delivery to an interprofessional model. The concurrence of these two trends may represent an opportunity for leaders in healthcare because both require renegotiation of the complex division of work and enhanced interdependency. This review examines how the introduction of new technologies alters the role boundaries of occupations and interdependencies among health occupations. Based on a scoping review of ethnographic studies of technology implementation in a variety of contexts (from primary care to operating room) and of diverse technologies (from health informatics systems to robotics), we develop the concept of role reconfiguration to capture simultaneous adjustments of multiple, interdependent roles during technological change. Ethnographic and qualitative studies provide rich, detailed accounts of what people actually do and how their work and role is changed (or not) when a new technology arrives. Through a synthesis of these studies, we develop a typology of four types of role reconfiguration: negotiation, clarification, enlargement and restriction. We discuss leadership challenges in managing role reconfiguration and formulate four leadership priorities. We suggest that leaders: redesign roles proactively, paying attention to interdependencies; offer opportunities for collective learning about new technologies; ensure that knowledge of new technologies is distributed across roles and prepare to address resistance.

Technological Evolution and Radical Innovation

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Sood ◽  
Gerard J. Tellis
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Step Function ◽  
Competitive Dynamics ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Circular Definitions ◽  
Growth Firms ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Key Questions

Technological change is perhaps the most powerful engine of growth in markets today. To harness this source of growth, firms need answers to key questions about the dynamics of technological change: (1) How do new technologies evolve? (2) How do rival technologies compete? and (3) How do firms deal with technological evolution? Currently, the literature suggests that a new technology seems to evolve along an S-shaped path, which starts below that of an old technology, intersects it once, and ends above the old technology. This belief is based on scattered empirical evidence and some circular definitions. Using new definitions and data on 14 technologies from four markets, the authors examine the shape and competitive dynamics of technological evolution. The results contradict the prediction of a single S-curve. Instead, technological evolution seems to follow a step function, with sharp improvements in performance following long periods of no improvement. Moreover, paths of rival technologies may cross more than once or not at all.

Leapfrogging, Cannibalization, and Survival During Disruptive Technological Change: The Critical Role of Rate of Disengagement

2020 ◽  
pp. 002224292096791
Author(s):  
Deepa Chandrasekaran ◽  
Gerard J. Tellis ◽  
Gareth M. James
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Technological Leapfrogging ◽  
Low Rate

When faced with new technologies, the incumbents’ dilemma is whether to embrace the new technology, stick with their old technology, or invest in both. The entrants’ dilemma is whether to target a niche and avoid incumbent reaction or target the mass market and incur the incumbent’s wrath. The solution is knowing to what extent the new technology cannibalizes the old one or whether both technologies may exist in tandem. The authors develop a generalized model of the diffusion of successive technologies, which allows for the rate of disengagement from the old technology to differ from the rate of adoption of the new. A low rate of disengagement indicates people hold both technologies (coexistence), whereas a high rate of disengagement indicates they let go of the old technology in favor of the new (cannibalization). The authors test the validity of the model using a simulation of individual-level data. They apply the model to 660 technology pairs and triplets–country combinations from 108 countries spanning 70 years. Data include both penetration and sales plus important case studies. The model helps managers estimate evolving proportions of segments that play different roles in the competition between technologies and predict technological leapfrogging, cannibalization, and coexistence.

scholarly journals The essential role of theory in minimizing harm from emerging technologies. Lost in committee?. •

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-885
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gullo ◽  
John B. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
Reinforcement Magnitude ◽  
Future Focus

AbstractA coherent framework for addressing risk arising from new technologies is needed. In proposing a framework of broad application and future focus, where empirical evidence is scarce, reliance on strong theory becomes all the more important. Some technologies are more prone to excessive engagement than others (i.e. more addictive). Some users are also more susceptible to excessive engagement than others. Impulsivity theory emphasises the importance of reinforcement magnitude in determining the risk associated with a new technology, and that an individual's sensitivity to reinforcement (reward drive) and capacity to inhibit previously reinforced behaviour (rash impulsiveness) determines their susceptibility to problematic engagement. Online gaming provides a good example of how such theory can be applied to facilitate intervention efforts and develop policy.

scholarly journals The students' and graduates' perception of the potential usefulness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the academic curricula of Finance and Accounting Courses

e-mentor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Barbara Grabińska ◽  
◽  
Mariusz Andrzejewski ◽  
Konrad Grabiński
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
University Education ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Accounting Courses ◽  
One Step ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Near Future

The application of computer-based technologies in academic education has at least three decades of history and experience. In some study fields, it has been present since the very beginning, while in others it has become a necessity only in recent years. The ongoing technological revolution is disrupting the traditional professions with fundamental changes and – in some cases – even with the threat of disappearance of jobs. The finance and accounting professions are expected to undergo a technological change in the near future. While the changes are visible at the corporate level, university education seems to lag one step behind. We conducted a study among the students and graduates of the finance and accounting line of studies at the Cracow University of Economics. Using regression analysis, we investigate the perception of the usefulness of courses providing knowledge on new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI). We use a unique Polish setting, which is a leader in terms of outsourcing services. Our findings show that both students and graduates are aware of the importance of technological change. The courses teaching basic subjects are essential, but the current expectations are much higher in terms of the application of new technology based on AI in finance and accounting.

Is technological change a devourer of jobs?

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Task Sets ◽  
The Impact

The paper provides a critical analysis of the idea of technological unemployment. The overview of the existing literature on the employment effects of technological change shows that on the micro-level there exists strong and positive relationship between innovations and employment growth in firms; on the sectoral level this correlation becomes ambiguous; on the macro-level the impact of new technologies seems to be positive or neutral. This implies that fears of explosive growth of technological unemployment in the foreseeable future are exaggerated. Our analysis further suggests that new technologies affect mostly the structure of employment rather than its level. Additionally we argue that automation and digitalisation would change mostly task sets within particular occupations rather than distribution of workers by occupations.

The Recent Revolution in High Performance Computing

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Horst D. Simon
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Computing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Parallel Architecture ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Good News ◽  
Computing Industry ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Performance Computing

Recent events in the high-performance computing industry have concerned scientists and the general public regarding a crisis or a lack of leadership in the field. That concern is understandable considering the industry's history from 1993 to 1996. Cray Research, the historic leader in supercomputing technology, was unable to survive financially as an independent company and was acquired by Silicon Graphics. Two ambitious new companies that introduced new technologies in the late 1980s and early 1990s—Thinking Machines and Kendall Square Research—were commercial failures and went out of business. And Intel, which introduced its Paragon supercomputer in 1994, discontinued production only two years later.During the same time frame, scientists who had finished the laborious task of writing scientific codes to run on vector parallel supercomputers learned that those codes would have to be rewritten if they were to run on the next-generation, highly parallel architecture. Scientists who are not yet involved in high-performance computing are understandably hesitant about committing their time and energy to such an apparently unstable enterprise.However, beneath the commercial chaos of the last several years, a technological revolution has been occurring. The good news is that the revolution is over, leading to five to ten years of predictable stability, steady improvements in system performance, and increased productivity for scientific applications. It is time for scientists who were sitting on the fence to jump in and reap the benefits of the new technology.

Technological Change in Turkish Manufacturing Industry: The Case of Gaziantep City

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ragıp KALELİOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
Key Indicators

:Ensuring competition in global economy, the production of high value products within the country and the reduction of current budget deficit; in other words, increasing the output of industries manufacturing intermediate goods and end products, which have high import dependency, are major targets of Turkey. The state of technological infrastructure of manufacturing industry in the country as well as the process of change that the industry undergoes are essential for the realization of these targets. New technologies play an important role in the competitiveness and economic development of cities, region and the country in the international market. In particular, the use of new technologies in manufacturing industry and companies’ capacity for innovation are prerequisites for businesses to enter a tougher competition in the global economy as well as for cities and countries to persevere on the larger scale. In this respect, the main purpose of this study is to examine the technological transformation of the manufacturing industry in Gaziantep, which is positioned in the top five among Turkey's exports and employs a considerable work force, in comparison to the technological change experienced by the manufacturing industry in Turkey. In the study, the technological level of manufacturing industry in Turkey and the technological change process of manufacturing industry in Gaziantep are presented between 2009-2016 with key indicators. The findings of this study reveal that the current level of technology the city of Gaziantep manufacturing industry has had is far behind the level Turkish manufacturing industry has reached.

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