Effect of popcorn varieties from the Andes on the development of the early, hard-grained gene pool in Central Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
High Price ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
New Varieties

The ancestors of the early, multi-rowed, hard-grained flint maize varieties found in Central Europe, and also of some of the dent varieties, were in all probability Chutucuno Chico and Chutucuno Grande (Timothy et al., 1961), chilling-tolerant, daylength-insensitive, small-eared, multi-rowed, prolific, hard flint popcorn varieties with reddish-brown kernels originating from the slopes of the Andes and introduced into Hungary in the early 1800s via Italy (Nagyváthy, 1822). In Italy and Hungary these varieties were given the names Cinquantino and Pignoletto. In addition to these Andean sources, a considerable contribution to the hard-grained gene pool was also made by Hungarian flints of Caribbean origin, and to a lesser extent by Southern Dents and Corn Belt Dents, while Northern Flints played little role in its development. These maize varieties were grown chiefly for human consumption (in the form of porridge) and were exported to Italy, Slovenia and Romania. The high price paid for exported maize, the low yield and undesirably long vegetation period of the initial sources, and the need to improve the colour and ear fusarium resistance of commercial maize meant that breeding was begun as early as the 1850s. The data available indicate that in around 1856, probably for the first time in Europe but independently of each other, Pál Németh and Pál Máthé crossed Cinquantino with other varieties in order to produce new varieties. These varieties, and those later selected from them, played a role in the maize production of Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Slovakia and other countries for a period of 100 years. In addition, they probably exerted a significant effect on the early flint gene pools of all European countries where the vegetation period is either extremely short or extremely cool.

Maize varieties grown in Eastern Central Europe between 1938 and 1983

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Several generations of maize breeders contributed to the establishment of genetic resources in Eastern Central Europe by developing open-pollinated varieties, inbred maize hybrids and parental lines successfully grown on large areas and differing from those found in the North American Corn Belt and in other regions of Europe. In some cases they used unusual methods or used known methods in an unorthodox fashion. The Caribbean Flints brought to Hungary from Spain by the Turks in the 16th century played an important role in the development of the Eastern Central Europe genetic resources and dominated Hungarian maize production for nearly four hundred years. In the early 19th century these genetic stocks of Caribbean origin were supplemented by Andean popcorn (Chutucuno Chico, Chutucuno Grande), introduced into Hungary from Italy for human consumption and export purposes and to a lesser extent by Northern Flints (Pennsylvania 8-row). Under the influence of American maize exhibitions in the 19th century, Southern Dents (especially Gourdseed, but also Shoepeg, Hickory King and Tuxpan) and Corn Belt Dents (Queen of the Prairie, Iowa Goldmine, Leaming, and to a lesser extent Funk Yellow Dent) gained ground. In Eastern Central Europe dent varieties were late maturing, so they were crossed, primarily with early-maturing hard flints, and also with early variants of the Caribbean type Old Hungarian Yellow Flint, in order to produce new varieties, which then dominated maize production in the first half of the 20th century. In the early years of hybrid maize breeding, the breeders relied greatly on local, productive, adapted sources. As the result of hybrid maize breeding in Eastern Central Europe, two distinct gene pools developed, which it is thought could contribute to a further increase in maize yield averages through an improvement in genetic variability. These two gene pools are the Ruma and Mindszentpuszta (MYD) heterosis sources. At least 30 lines of Ruma origin and 19 of MYD origin have been successfully used in the development of commercial hybrids. From the point of view of breeding early flint × dent hybrids, the European early multi-rowed hard flints, which developed locally, independently of the American Northern Flints, could also be of interest. Less significant varieties and lines that were grown successfully at one time or another could be used as genetic reserves for the development of new variations. The paper will discuss the varieties popular between 1880 and 1983, providing more detailed data on 13 open-pollinated varieties, 2 variety hybrids, 41 inbred hybrids and 40 successful lines.

scholarly journals Diversification and genetic structure of the western-to-eastern progression of European Phaseolus vulgaris L. germplasm

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Pipan ◽  
Vladimir Meglič
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Molecular Variability ◽  
Geographic Origins

Abstract Background Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume for direct human consumption around the world, as it represents a valuable source of components with nutritional and health benefits. Results We conducted a study to define and explain the genetic relatedness and diversification level of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm from Portugal to Ukraine, along a western-to-eastern line of southern European countries, including Poland. This was based on the P. vulgaris genetic structure, and was designed to better describe its distribution and domestication pathways in Europe. Using the multi-crop passport descriptors that include geographic origin and different phaseolin types (corresponding to the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools), 782 accessions were obtained from nine gene banks and 12 geographic origins. We selected 33 genome/ gene-related/ gene-pool-related nuclear simple sequence repeat markers that covered the genetic diversity across the P. vulgaris genome. The overall polymorphic information content was 0.800. Without specifying geographic origin, global structure cluster analysis generated 10 genetic clusters. Among the PvSHP1 markers, the most informative for gene pool assignment of the European P. vulgaris germplasm was PvSHP1-B. Results of AMOVA show that 89% of the molecular variability is shared within the 782 accessions, with 4% molecular variability among the different geographic origins along this western-to-eastern line of southern Europe (including Poland). Conclusions This study shows that the diversification line of the European P. vulgaris germplasm followed from the western areas of southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Slovenia) to the more eastern areas of southern Europe. This progression defines three geographically separated subgroups, as the northern (Poland, Ukraine, Romania), southern (Albania, Bulgaria), and central (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary) areas of eastern Europe.

A trait collection of spring groat barley

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
I.A. Petukhova ◽  
V.K. Riabchun ◽  
V.A. Muzapharova ◽  
O.I. Padalka ◽  
T.A. Sheliakina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The goal of our research was to form a collection of groats barley, to search, to select and to evaluate starting material of spring barley for a set of valuable economic traits, technological properties and culinary qualities of barley groats. Results and Discussion. Basing on to the results of assessments, we identified selected 55 spring barley accessions, which were characterized by 17 traits and 75 expression levels. The collection includes accessions from 11 countries; the largest number of accessions (59) are from Ukraine; 39 – from Russia; 10 - from Belarus; 10 - from Germany; 6 - from France; 5 - from Kazakhstan; 4 - from Canada; 3 - from the Czech Republic; 2 – from Great Britain; 1 accesson is from Serbia; and 1 - from Austria. Accessions combining high levels of expression of different traits are the most valuable. They include the following accessions: Doridnyi, Vodohrai, Sviatomykhailivskyi, Svarozhych, Soka, Іlot (UKR). Naked accessions include: Akhilles (UKR), Mayskiy, Oskar, Golozyornyy 1, Omskiy Golozyornyy 1 (RUS), CDC Alamo, CDC Candle (CAN). These varieties can be starting material for creation of new modern high-performance spring groats barley varieties. Ten valuable accessions registered with the NCPGRU (Sovіra, Doridnyi, Soka, Vodohrai, Partner, Yukatan, Avhii, Svarozhych, Baskak, and Virtuoz) were included in the trait groats collection. Conclusions. Basing on the results of multiyear studies, we formed the trait collection of spring groats barley comprising 140 accessions from 11 countries. The collection includes 55 reference accessions that cover 17 traits (plant height, vegetation period, ear length, grain weight per ear, 1000-grain weight, grain shape, grain evenness, vitreousness, culinary qualities of barley groats, etc.) characterized by 75 levels of their expression. The collection is of considerable value for science and education. The accessions selected allow improving the efficiency of breeding to create new varieties with high technological and culinary properties as well as with a set of valuable economic characteristics.

scholarly journals Impact of adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties on total maize production in south Eastern Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Witman Lunduka ◽  
Kumbirai Ivyne Mateva ◽  
Cosmos Magorokosho ◽  
Pepukai Manjeru
Keyword(s):  
Maize Production ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Maize Varieties

scholarly journals Economics of hybrid maize production in some selected areas of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Karim ◽  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
QM Alam
Keyword(s):  
High Price ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
Hybrid Maize

The present study is an attempt to assess the existing agronomic practices of hybrid maize cultivation, its profitability, constraints, and factors affecting hybrid maize production. The majority of the total farmers sowed seeds during the first week of December. The average seed rate was found to be 20.94 kg per hectare. About 16 varieties were found to cultivate by farmers, of which majority farmers used NK-40 followed by Pacific-II. All kinds of fertilizer used by the farmers were below the optimum level of recommendation. About 33 and 28 percent of the total variable cost was for human labour and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The average yield of hybrid maize was found higher than the national average. The average gross margin was observed to be Tk. 28456 on total variable cost basis. The cost per kilogram of maize cultivation was Tk. 4.12 and return from one kilogram of maize production was Tk. 7.80. It is found that the coefficient of human labour, land preparation, irrigation, urea and borax have significantly impact on gross return. Timely non-availability of seeds, high price of fertilizer, and low price of yield were the major problems for hybrid maize production. Farmers cultivated hybrid maize because of higher yield, higher income, and easy growing. Keywords: Gross return; gross margin; profitability. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i1.5869Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(1) : 83-93, March 2010

scholarly journals Study of the gene pool of the winter rye Secale cereale L. of the Republic of Belarus using microsatellite markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
V. S. Mandrusova ◽  
I. S. Gordej ◽  
O. M. Lyusikov ◽  
V. E. Shimko ◽  
I. A. Gordej
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Interpopulation Variability ◽  
Content Index ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The Republic

In this work, the genetic diversity of the modern gene pool of the winter rye (S. cereal L.) of the Republic of Belarus from 20 actual breeding samples was investigated using 15 microsatellite (SSR) markers to develop divergent crossing combinations in breeding for heterosis. It was shown that the formed set of SSR markers is highly effective – the informational content index (PIC) varied from 0.50 to 0.83 and averaged 0.72. The most effective microsatellite markers (SCM28, SCM43, SCM101 and SCM102) were identified and can be successfully used to study the genetic diversity of rye. It has been established that the modern gene pool of the winter rye of the Republic of Belarus is generally characterized by fairly wide genetic diversity (interpopulation variability) – all collection samples are characterized by a unique allelic composition of the studied microsatellite loci. Based on investigation results, a hierarchical clustering dendrogram was constructed, which made it possible to determine the most genetically divergent combinations of crosses. The information obtained can be used for the development of an effective scheme allowing to develop new varieties and hybrids in the practical breeding of rye for heterosis.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding collection in Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Savic ◽  
Milka Brdar-Jokanovic ◽  
Miodrag Dimitrijevic ◽  
Sofija Petrovic ◽  
Milan Zdravkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Novi Sad

The characterization of 41 common bean cultivars and landraces from breeding collection of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, was done based on phenotypic traits and microsatellite markers. Phenotypic traits were chosen from Bioversity International descriptor list. In addition, main yield components were investigated. Analysis of phaseolin type revealed affiliation of cultivars and landraces to Mesoamerican or Andean gene pool. Cultivars and landraces demonstrated significant diversity level with regard to studied phenotypic traits. Identified variation showed high potential for developing new cultivars with desirable combination of traits. Principal component analysis based on phenotypic traits separated bean cultivars and landraces in two groups, which corresponded to Mesoamerican and Andean determined according to phaseolin type. Putative hybrids, with combination of traits between gene pools were also identified. Analysis of microsatellite data, using twenty-two SSR primer pairs, showed medium gene diversity in studied material. Microsatellite-based cluster analysis separated genotypes in two discrete clusters and several subclusters. No clear separation according to gene pool was found between the clusters, however grouping according to gene pool and patterns of phenotypic variation, following these gene pools, were observed within subclusters. Knowledge on detailed relationships of cultivars and landraces based on phenotypic and molecular data would facilitate identification of candidates for future breeding.

The genetic make-up of the European landraces of the common bean

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Angioi ◽  
D. Rau ◽  
L. Nanni ◽  
E. Bellucci ◽  
R. Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellites ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Mesoamerican Gene Pool ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Andean Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
African Sample

Here, we present a brief overview of the main studies conducted on the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Europe and other countries outside its centres of origin. We focus on the proportions of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools, and on the inter-gene pool hybridization events. In Europe, for chloroplast microsatellites, 67% of European germplasm is of Andean origin. Within Europe, interesting trends have been seen; indeed, the majority of the Andean type is found in the three macro-areas of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and central-northern Europe, while, in eastern and south-eastern Europe, the proportion of the Mesoamerican type increased. On a local scale, the contribution of the Mesoamerican type is always low. On other continents, various situations are seen using different markers: in China and Brazil, the Mesoamerican gene pool prevails, while in an African sample, overall, both gene pools are equally represented, with differences in individual countries. The frequency of European bean genotypes deriving from at least one hybridization event was 44% with an uneven distribution. Interestingly, hybrids tend to have intermediate seed size in comparison with ‘pure’ Andean or Mesoamerican types. On other continents, very few hybrids are found, probably because of the different marker systems used.

Genetic diversity of Colombian landraces of common bean as detected through the use of silver-stained and fluorescently labelled microsatellites

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 86-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy M. Díaz ◽  
Héctor F. Buendía ◽  
Myriam C. Duque ◽  
Matthew W. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Silver Stain ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Fluorescent Markers

Colombia, situated at the northern end of the Andes mountains of South America and in proximity to Central America, is an important centre of diversity for common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) that has a mix of cultivated germplasm from both major gene pools (Andean and Mesoamerican) for the species. Microsatellites are a useful marker system for analyzing genetic diversity of this crop and can be analyzed with manual (silver-stain) or automated (ABI) detection systems and using unlabelled or fluorescently labelled markers, respectively. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the genetic diversity of 92 Colombian landraces and gene pool controls with 36 fluorescent and 30 non-fluorescent microsatellite markers and to determine the extent of introgression between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools for this germplasm. A comparison of fluorescentversusnon-fluorescent marker systems was performed with 14 loci, which were evaluated with both methods; the fluorescent markers were found to be more precise than the non-fluorescent markers in determining population structure. A combined analysis of 52 microsatellites using the 36 fluorescent markers and 16 non-overlapping, silver-stained markers produced an accurate population structure for the Andean gene pool that separated race Nueva Granada and race Peru genotypes and clearly identified introgression between these races and the gene pools. The results of this research are important for the application of microsatellite markers to diversity analysis in common bean and for the conservation of landraces in Colombia and neighbouring countries of Latin America, where similar germplasm exists and where gene pool or race mixtures also occur.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document