scholarly journals A két vagy több nyelvet beszélő személyek memóriarendszere

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-44
Author(s):  
Tünde Éva Polonyi

A két- és többnyelvuek információtárolása és  feldolgozása vitatott téma: egyes kutatók szerint ez olyan kognitív alrendszerek segítségével történik, amelyek tartalmazzák az emlékezeti képzeteket is és beszélt nyelveikkel állnak kapcsolatban, viszont funkcionálisan függetlenek egymástól (a függetlenség hipotézise); egy másik modell szerint (az egymástól való függés hipotézise) a különálló lingvisztikai rendszerek funkcionálisan kötodnek egy olyan közös fogalmi rendszerhez, ami egyben a megosztott memóriatároló is. Kísérletem célja az volt, hogy egyetlen vizsgálatban, különbözo bevésési stratégiákat és elohívási feladatokat alkalmazva olyan teljesítménymintákat mérjek fel, amelyeket egyik vagy másik modell alátámasztására szoktak felhozni; ezenkívül a fejlodési hipotézist is vizsgálom.Magyar–román–angol háromnyelvuek vettek részt a vizsgálatban két csoportba osztva. Hipotézisem szerint az angolt nehézkesebben beszélok teljesítménye egy adatvezérlésu szókiegészítési feladatnál a függetlenégi hipotézist kell hogy alátámassza, azonban eredményeim azt mutatták, hogy az adat vezérlésu és fogalmi vezérlésu feldolgozás itt együtt jelentkezik; a szabad felidézési feladat ered ményei a nyelvtol való függetlenség hipotézisét támasztották alá, a felismerési feladat eredményei pedig szintén a két típusú feldolgozás kombinációját mutatták. Az angolt folyékonyabban beszélo alanyok esetében nem találtam szignifikáns különbségeket a különbözo bevésési stratégiák között, ami újabb bizonyítékot jelent Kroll és Stewart (1994) modellje mellett. A nehézkesebben beszélo háromnyelvuek tehát a lexikális- és fogalmi közvetítés kombinációját mutatták, és csak a gyakorlott beszélokre jellemzo a tiszta fogalmi közvetítés. Általános következtetésem az, hogy a leghasznosabb kutatási paradigma egy olyan transzfer-központú szemlélet lenne, amelyben a megorzési próbákon való teljesítmény olyan mértékben javul, amilyen mértékben a teszt által megkövetelt eljárások megismétlik a bevésési eljárásokat.Bilinguals’ information-representation and -processing is a controversial theme among psycholinguists: According to some researchers bilinguals have cognitive subsystems linked to their known languages, which include the memory stores, as well, but they are functionally independent from each other (independence position). On the other hand, the interdependence position maintain that bilinguals represent words in a supralinguistic code, possibly based on the meanings of the words, that is independent of the language in which the words occurred. According to the developmental hypothesis second language learners start only with lexical associations, but gradually develop direct links between the second language lexicon and concepts.The aims of my study were: 1) to measure performance patterns, which are usually taken to reflect the one or the other model, in one experiment, using different retrieval tasks under identical encoding conditions; 2) to examine the developmental hypothesis by using less fluent and more fluent trilinguals.        The subjects of my study were Hungarian–Romanian–English trilinguals, divided into two groups. According to my hypothesis, in the case of the less fluently speakers of English, a mostly data-driven task such as word fragment completion would depend on the matching of language at study and test, thus supporting the independence hypothesis. However, my results showed that in the case of this task both the data-driven and conceptually-driven processing is present: not only the language of study was important, but the increasing elaborate processing during study, as well. The results of the free recall task, as predicted, revealed evidence for interdependence effects. Finally, the recognition task showed again the combination of the two kind of processing: data-driven and conceptually-driven processing. The more fluent subjects, in turn, could face all the conditions and all the tasks almost equally well, suggesting that they mediate their languages entirely conceptually. In sum, we can tell that in the mind of the multilingual words are organised on the basis of meaning, not language. At very early stage of language acquisition, however, language specific cues intrude, even when subjects are concentrating upon meaning.My general conclusion is that the most useful research paradigm would be a transfer appropriate approach, according to which the performance on the retention tasks benefit to the extent to which procedures demanded by the task repeat those employed during encoding.

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Eduard Werner

The teaching of Upper Sorbian (USo) is of increasing importance for the survival of this language. A challenge faced by learners is the lack of standardisation. Reliable standardisation has been conducted only in the area of orthography, which offers little indication about pronunciation. Pronunciation, however, is generally missing in all USo dictionaries, and teaching materials offer only general observations. Learners of USo mostly belong to one of two groups which require different teaching strategies: on the one hand, second-language learners aim to achieve authentic pronunciation; native speakers, on the other hand, struggle with the contrast between the standardised etymological orthography and the phonetic representation in everyday language (partly addressed in Šołćina 2014a/b).


Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yeldham

This study examined the influence of formulaic language on second language (L2) listeners’ lower-level processing, in terms of their ability to accurately identify the words in texts. On the one hand, there were reasons for expecting the presence of the formulas to advantage the learners, because the learners would process these formulaic words more holistically than the surrounding non-formulaic words. On the other hand, though, because formulas are commonly uttered in more reduced fashion than their surrounding non-formulaic words – and L2 learners commonly face challenges understanding reduced speech – it was possible that the formulas would negatively impact the learners’ processing. The participants listened to four texts, which were paused intermittently for them to transcribe the final stretch of words they had heard prior to each pause. The researcher had previously categorized these words as being part of formulas or non-formulas through corpus analysis. By comparing the listeners’ identification of the formulaic and the non-formulaic language, the study found that formulaic language facilitated their lower-level listening. This degree of advantage, however, varied across text difficulty level and listener proficiency level. Based on the findings, implications for L2 listening instruction are discussed.


Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Stefano Garlaschi ◽  
Anna Fochesato ◽  
Anna Tovo

Recent technological and computational advances have enabled the collection of data at an unprecedented rate. On the one hand, the large amount of data suddenly available has opened up new opportunities for new data-driven research but, on the other hand, it has brought into light new obstacles and challenges related to storage and analysis limits. Here, we strengthen an upscaling approach borrowed from theoretical ecology that allows us to infer with small errors relevant patterns of a dataset in its entirety, although only a limited fraction of it has been analysed. In particular we show that, after reducing the input amount of information on the system under study, by applying our framework it is still possible to recover two statistical patterns of interest of the entire dataset. Tested against big ecological, human activity and genomics data, our framework was successful in the reconstruction of global statistics related to both the number of types and their abundances while starting from limited presence/absence information on small random samples of the datasets. These results pave the way for future applications of our procedure in different life science contexts, from social activities to natural ecosystems.


2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti Spinner

The purpose of this study is to begin work toward a grammatical assessment measure that could bridge the gap between theoretical work on grammatical development, on the one hand, and tools such as the Michigan Test (which uses multiple-choice questions on vocabulary and grammar) or the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages scale (which uses holistic descriptions of grammar use), on the other hand. Such a measure would need to be practical to administer with large groups. Two proposals of grammatical development (processability theory, Pienemann, 1998, 2005; and organic grammar, Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 2006) were applied to short samples of spontaneous production data from 48 adult second-language learners of English from mixed first-language backgrounds. The rapid profile scale successfully accounted for the learners’ development but is of somewhat limited use with short samples of data. The organic grammar placement scale may need to be further refined, but it includes important indicators of grammatical development. A preliminary proposal for using a combined measure with a rubric is presented.


1999 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Anne-Mieke Janssen-van Dieten

There is an increasing awareness that the number of non-native speakers in the category of 'adult, highly educated, advanced L2-learners' is rapidly increasing. This paper presents an analysis of what it means to teach them a second language - whether it is Dutch or any other second language. It is argued that, on the one hand, conceptions about language learning and teaching are insufficiendy known, and that, on the other hand, there are many widespread misconceptions that prevent language teachers from catering adequately for people's actual communicative needs, and from providing tailor-made solutions to these problems.


2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Ludwig ◽  
Daniel König ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Victor Blüml ◽  
Georg Dorffner ◽  
...  

Abstract Methods of suicide have received considerable attention in suicide research. The common approach to differentiate methods of suicide is the classification into “violent” versus “non-violent” method. Interestingly, since the proposition of this dichotomous differentiation, no further efforts have been made to question the validity of such a classification of suicides. This study aimed to challenge the traditional separation into “violent” and “non-violent” suicides by generating a cluster analysis with a data-driven, machine learning approach. In a retrospective analysis, data on all officially confirmed suicides (N = 77,894) in Austria between 1970 and 2016 were assessed. Based on a defined distance metric between distributions of suicides over age group and month of the year, a standard hierarchical clustering method was performed with the five most frequent suicide methods. In cluster analysis, poisoning emerged as distinct from all other methods – both in the entire sample as well as in the male subsample. Violent suicides could be further divided into sub-clusters: hanging, shooting, and drowning on the one hand and jumping on the other hand. In the female sample, two different clusters were revealed – hanging and drowning on the one hand and jumping, poisoning, and shooting on the other. Our data-driven results in this large epidemiological study confirmed the traditional dichotomization of suicide methods into “violent” and “non-violent” methods, but on closer inspection “violent methods” can be further divided into sub-clusters and a different cluster pattern could be identified for women, requiring further research to support these refined suicide phenotypes.


1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Hedrick

In a recent article Helmut Koester argues against the current practice of distinguishing between canonical Gospels, on the one hand, and apocryphal gospels, on the other, and treating the apocryphal gospels as ‘step children’ of New Testament research. Koester maintains that there are a number of the ‘apocryphal’ gospels which ‘belong to a very early stage in the development of gospel literature — a stage that is comparable to the sources which were used by the gospels of the New Testament.’ One of those texts to which he points is the Nag Hammadi tractate the Apocryphon of James. This paper is an attempt to legitimize one ‘step child’ of New Testament scholarship as a valid source for investigating the earliest levels of the Jesus traditions.


1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Eduard Fraenkel

A century ago, on the last day of 1848, there died Gottfried Hermann, the greatest classical scholar of his time. As a small token of homage to his memory some brief remarks on his contribution to the study of early Latin poetry may not be out of place here.Hermann, who owes his fame to his work on Greek poetry, had a knowledge of the language of Rome and an instinctive sense of its potentialities such as few scholars possessed. He spoke and wrote Latin with lucidity, ease, and grace: it was to him the natural medium for the expression of his thought. A keen interest in Plautus had been roused in him at an early stage by his teacher Reiz, who was the first after an interval of darkness to rekindle Bentley's torch. Late in life, looking back over more than fifty years, Hermann said: ‘Plautum praeceptor meus Reizius pro sponsa mihi esse voluit.’ When Reiz was engaged in correcting the proofs of his edition of the Rudens he used the young Hermann as his amanuensis. Hermann (Elementa doctrinae metricae p. xiii) has left us a delightful picture of this collaboration: on the one side the elderly professor, all kindliness and modesty, distrustful of himself, relying on painstaking care and meticulous circumspection; on the other the impetuous youngster, impatient of tiresome hesitation and confident that his divination and his strong rhythmical instinct were enough to recover the metre and the true reading of a controversial passage.


1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Jenkin ◽  
Suzanne Prior ◽  
Richard Rinaldo ◽  
Ann Wainwright-Sharp ◽  
Ellen Bialystok

The study is an attempt to assess the way in which second language learners form mental representations of information they read. Subjects were asked to read passages in their first and second languages and to demonstrate comprehension of the information by using it to make a judgement of a visual display of the same information. Following this there was a surprise recognition task to determine whether or not they still had access to verbatim representations of the passages. The results showed that information read in a second language is represented differently from the same information read in subjects' first language.


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