scholarly journals Small Gumarovo Kurgans of Scythian-Sarmatian Time at South Ural: Chronology, Features of the Funeral Rites and Issues of Cultural Attribution

Author(s):  
Nikita Savelev ◽  

The article presents an analysis of the burial rite and chronology of the Gumarovo cemetery, located on the border of the steppe and mountain-steppe zones of the Southern Urals, at the southern tip of the almost completely forested low plateau Zilair (Russia, Orenburg oblast, right bank of the Sakmara River). The cemetery consists of 5 stone kurgans, explored in 1979–1980 by an expedition led by R.B. Ismagilov. A burial of Early Scythian time was revealed in one of the kurgans (the so-called “Bolshoy Gumarovskiy”, “Big Gumarovo”), and immediately became widely known among researchers. The cemetery itself belongs to a later time, also known as “Sauromatian” time. Based on the chronological indicators and simultaneous occurrence of accompanying inventory categories, it is determined that the cemetery dates back to the end of the 5th – beginning of the 4th centuries BC and existed for a very short time. The burial rite features of the Gumarovo kurgans (stone mounds, wide oval graves, sloping walls, circular chamber graves, heads of the deceased oriented to the west and the east) indicate that it belongs to a special “Mugodzharian” group of nomads from the Southern Urals steppes eastern part. The origin of this group of nomads is associated with the migration of the Northern and Central Kazakhstan nomads to the steppes of the Orsk-Ilek interfluve, i.e. to the west of the Mugodzhar ridge; with their long-lasting interaction with the local population of the Sauromatian (proved by Blumenfeld and East Aral complexes) and Early Sarmatian time; as well as assimilating part of the Early Saka appearance population, which occupied the steppes of the Southern Trans-Urals in the 7th – 6th centuries BC. It is shown that it is the “Mugodzharian” features that make the kurgans in the eastern part of the Southern Urals steppes significantly specific.

Author(s):  
Vitaliy Vasilev

Based on the available archaeological material, the article covers a number of issues related to the kurgans of nomads from the middle of the 1st millennium BC within the sub-mountain zone of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, embankments of which were built using stone. The author analyses the representativeness of archaeological records, provides typological and chronological attribution of the burial complexes. Previously these materials allowed to identify the “Irendyk-Kryktyn nomadic group” which existed in the considered landscape zone. According to the author, the investigated stone kurgans are divided into two groups. The first one might be dated back to the Saka Age (VII-VI centuries BC), the second one belongs to the Savromatian-Sarmatian period (not earlier that the mid of V-IV centuries BC). Within the existing chronology there is no explanation for the time gap between those periods. Hereby, this fact may indicate the presence of two culturally unrelated nomadic groups. The analysis of the archaeological material allows us to say that the signs of the burial rite, which are typical for the monuments of the foothill strip of the Bashkir Trans-Ural (Irendyk-Kryktyn group), are widespread far beyond this landscape zone, and are common for nomads who left stone kurgans in the steppe part of the region on both sides of the Ural Ridge. Furthermore, the author draws attention to the existing statement about the process of sedentarization of nomads of this region in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The study of the source base on this issue shows that single finds of ceramic in “settlements” of nomads are their common locations. Settlement monuments in the mountainous Urals and steppe Trans-Urals, where few fragments of Kenotkel and Gafurian tableware were found, demonstrate the lack of dwellings, tools and remnants of handicraft production. This fact testifies to the temporary or episodic nature of the appearance of small groups of population at such monuments, and is not associated with nomads. Moreover, the sedentarization of nomads in the northern marginal zone is not confirmed by either historical or ethnographic sources. The article contains materials to supplement the archaeological records for studying issues related to stone kurgans.


2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
O. O. Bilynskyi

The author analyzed the problem of burial sites of the population of Scythian Age in the Seym region. Currently there are several locations associated with the local population. These are the burial sites from the Moiseevo and Maritsa hillforts and the necropolis near Dolinske village. The burials from the Moiseevo hillfort probably date back to the medieval times and the necropolis at the Maritsa settlement belonged to the Yukhniv culture. According to the available data, burial in the territory of this site was carried out after the hillfort ceased to function as a settlement — ca. 4th century BC. Necropolis near the Dolynske village is well known in the literature as an example of ground burials of the forest-steppe population of Scythian Age. However, detailed analysis of the circumstances of discovery of burials and the grave goods suggests that the burials were actually covered by the mounds but they did not survive due to the removal of soil. The grave goods is reminiscent of the nearby Sula necropolises. The lack of common burial sites in the region prompts the search for other burial rites. Traditionally cremations with the further dispersal of ashes are the common types of burial that do not leave visible burial sites but despite the complexity of their detection there are still no finds that would indicate this rite. The fragments of human bones at Shyryaevo, Kuzina Gora and Moiseyevo hillforts are the only hints that could indicate this. A round amulet which was made of human skull bone was discovered at the latter. Stray finds of human remains occurred at the sites of the entire forest-steppe territory in Scythian Age and many sites of Central Europe but the irregularity of such finds at the Seym region demonstrate that they could not be a mandatory consequence of a certain burial rite. The wide variety of analogies offers the options for the reconstruction of special burial practices that could lead to the deposition of human bones. By analogy with other cultures, the cannibalism, temporary burial at the site, and the deliberate storage of bones that may have been obtained from the burials can be assumed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-162
Author(s):  
Gamzat D. Ataev ◽  
Tufan I. Akhundov

The article is devoted to the study of burial rites of the Middle Bronze Age - the most important source for the study of the ideological ideas of the population of Dagestan. The funeral rite is an important ethnographic feature and a conservative element of archaeological culture. Along with the inventory, it is considered a reliable base for identifying the characteristics of a culture, its chronology and boundaries. The aim of this work is to study the burial rite of the population of Dagestan of the Middle Bronze Age based on the analysis of burial monuments, the study of which allows us to identify various religious ideas and rituals of the cult character of the local population. Fundamental shifts in the development of the culture of Dagestan at the turn of the Early and Middle Bronze Age led to the cultural transformation of the region and caused changes in the ideological perceptions of the local population, which was reflected in the funeral rites. This led to an increase in ethnic diversity, mobility of the population, the spread of the burial rite, cromlechs around burial structures, the appearance of burials in log cabins and with carts, the use of ocher, pebble, tree and reed bedding in the funeral rite, etc. All these facts testify to the great diversity of the funeral rite.These events are associated with the significant influence of the steppe tribes on the culture and ideological ideas of local tribes. A comprehensive study of burial structures and rituals of the population of Dagestan in the Middle Bronze Age made it possible to highlight many problems associated with ideological ideas and social organization of society, ethnocultural contacts of the local population with neighboring tribes. The study of the materials of burial monuments made it possible to form an idea of ​​the spiritual culture of the population of the region under consideration: to reveal that the population of Dagestan in the Middle Bronze Age had complex and varied beliefs, among which ideas about the "soul", "afterlife", magical, protective techniques, cults of animals, nature and other cosmological representations, etc.


2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
Sergeï Gutsalov

Abstract This article publishes interesting burials of ancient nomads dating from the end of the 3rd, 2nd or 1st centuries BC from the Dongulyuk II and Volodarka I tumuli necropoleis in the West of Kazakhstan. Materials from these funerary sites include some quite rare finds: phalerae, belt plates bearing depictions of confronting winged dragons, two-handled infantry swords used by warriors on foot and other objects relating to the life of nomads. The funerary rite – including such elements as burials in pits with ledges or in catacombs, the laying out of horses’ skulls on ledges, the arrangement of the deceased with their heads pointing to the north or south – indicates that the cultural links of the nomads from the southern foothills of the Urals at the end of the 1st millennium BC were orientated towards Central Asia. If it is borne in mind that many objects among the accompanying grave goods can also be associated with the eastern half of the Eurasian steppes, then it would seem highly likely that the nomads had originally come from northern China, moving west and migrating into eastern Europe including the southern Urals.


2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Kaiser ◽  
Katja Winger

Grubengräber mit spezifischen Bestattungssitten, die in Grabhügeln im Balkan- und Karpatengebiet ausgegraben wurden, werden seit langem der Jamnaja-Kultur zugeschrieben. Die Gräber der Jamnaja-Kultur sind zwischen 3100 und 2500 v. Chr. (kalibriert) vor allem in der osteuropäischen Steppenzone zwischen den Ostkarpaten und dem südlichen Uralvorland verbreitet. Das Auftreten von vergleichbaren Grabanlagen westlich dieser Hauptverbreitungszone wurde immer wieder mit Migrationen aus der Steppe erklärt, deren Verlauf sehr unterschiedlich gedeutet wurde.Seit der umfassenden Studie von I. Panajotov ist die Zahl an archäologisch untersuchten Grabhügeln im heutigen Bulgarien angewachsen, so dass die darin freigelegten Grubengräber neu bewertet werden können. Insgesamt 162 Gräber weisen charakteristische Kennzeichen auf, die es erlauben, sie der Jamnaja-Kultur zuzuordnen. Sie lassen sich in drei regionale Gruppen im Nordwesten, Nordosten und im Süden des heutigen Bulgariens unterteilen.Eine Serie von 14C-Daten zeigt, dass die Gräber in den drei Regionen zwischen 3100 und 2500 cal BC angelegt wurden, was für eine Zuwanderung über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg spricht. Insbesondere in Thrakien belegt die Beigabe von Gefäßen aus dem lokalen Kulturmilieu in den Bestattungen der Jamnaja-Kultur einen intensiven Kontakt der Zuwanderer mit der Bevölkerung, die dort in den Tellsiedlungen lebte.Die Steinstelen und die Ausstattung der Verstorbenen in den westpontischen Grabkomplexen mit Spiralringen sind Attribute, wie sie aus Bestattungen der Jamnaja-Kultur im nordwestlichen Schwarzmeerraum überliefert sind. Daher wird diese als Herkunftsregion der vermutlich eher kleineren Populationsgruppen diskutiert, die über mehrere Jahrhunderte hinweg in das heutige Bulgarien einwanderten. Soweit die immer noch nur auf Gräbern beruhende Quellenlage überhaupt verlässliche Rückschlüsse zulässt, ergibt sich ein Bild kommunikativer Prozesse, die zwischen der lokalen und der zugewanderten Bevölkerung stattfanden. Die in der Forschung wiederholt beschworene Überlegenheit seitens der Steppenbewohner ist in den Befunden nirgends zu erkennen.Les tombes à fosses avec rites funéraires spécifiques fouillées dans les Balkans et la région des Carpates ont depuis longtemps été attribuées à la culture Yamna. Ces sépultures, qui datent entre environ 3100 et 2500 cal BC, sont réparties avant tout dans la zone des steppes d’Europe orientale, entre les Carpates et les régions limitrophes de l’Oural du sud. La présence de tombes semblables à l’ouest de cette zone a été considérée à maintes reprises comme preuve d’une immigration de populations venant des steppes, bien que les modalités de cette immigration aient été interprétées de manières diverses.Depuis la parution des travaux exhaustifs d’I. Panajatov, le nombre de tumuli fouillés sur le territoire de la Bulgarie moderne s’est accru, ce qui nous permet de réévaluer les tombes à fosses qu’ils contenaient. En tout 162 tombes exhibent des traits caractéristiques de la culture Yamna. Elles peuvent être classées en trois groupes répartis sur le nord-ouest, le nord-est et le sud de la Bulgarie actuelle.Une série de dates radiocarbone indique que les tombes à fosses de ces trois régions ont été établies entre 3100 et 2500 cal BC, ce qui laisse penser à une migration sur une durée prolongée. Le fait que des vases de production locale appartenant à une culture indigène aient été inclus dans le mobilier des sépultures Yamna en Thrace suggère que des contacts étroits existaient entre les immigrants et la population autochtone qui à cette époque habitaient des tells.Les stèles en pierre et la présence d’anneaux en spirale dans le mobilier des ensembles funéraires à l’ouest du Pont-Euxin sont des traits qui surviennent dans les sépultures de la culture Yamna du nord-ouest de la Mer Noire. Cette constatation forme le point de départ d’une discussion qui cherche à déterminer la zone d’origine de groupes (vraisemblablement plus petits) qui auraient émigré en Bulgarie actuelle au cours de plusieurs siècles. Les données à notre disposition – uniquement funéraires – suggèrent que nous avons affaire à des processus de communication entre les populations indigènes et immigrantes. Il n’existe aucune preuve archéologique étayant la thèse si souvent réitérée d’une domination des peuplades venant des steppes.Pit graves with evidence of specific burial rites excavated in the Balkans and the Carpathians have long been attributed to the Yamnaya culture. These burials, dated to between 3100 and 2500 cal BC, are mainly distributed in the eastern European steppe zone between the eastern Carpathians and the area bordering the southern Urals. The presence of similar burials west of this zone has repeatedly been taken to be evidence of migration out of the steppes, although its course has been interpreted in a number of ways.Since I. Panayotov’s comprehensive study of these burials, the number of burial mounds excavated in present-day Bulgaria has grown, which makes it possible to re-examine the pit burials within them. A total of 162 graves possess characteristic traits of the Yamnaya culture. They can be divided into three regional groups, in the northwest, north-east and south of present-day Bulgaria.A series of 14C determinations dates the establishment of the pit graves in all three regions to between 3100 and 2600 cal BC, which suggests that migrations took place over an extended period. In particular the custom of including vessels belonging to an indigenous culture among the grave goods of the Yamnaya burials in Thrace suggests that there were close contacts between the immigrants and the local population that lived in tell settlements.Stone stelae and the inclusion of spiral rings among the grave goods of the western Pontic burial complexes are traits that have been recorded in the burials of the Yamnaya Culture in the north-western Black Sea zone. This forms the starting point of a discussion examining the area of origin of presumably smaller population groups that migrated to present-day Bulgaria over several centuries. As far as the evidence – which still relies on burials only – allows, it appears that we are dealing with processes of communication between the local and the immigrant population. There is no archaeological evidence for the dominance of the steppe people repeatedly cited in the literature.


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