Ultrasound measurement of thyroid volume in euthyroid children under 3 years of age

Abstract Objective: To establish ultrasound reference values for thyroid volumes in children up to 3 years of age, given that ultrasound of the thyroid is an essential examination in the diagnosis of childhood thyroid disease. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in an iodine-sufficient city in southeastern Brazil. A total of 100 healthy children underwent clinical evaluation, anthropometric examination, and cervical ultrasound in accordance with conventional protocols. We evaluated characteristics such as echotexture, thyroid lobe volume, and total thyroid volume. The children were divided into five groups, by age: < 2 months; 2-12 months; 12-18 months; 18-24 months; and 24-36 months. Results: The mean thyroid volume was lower in the < 2 month age group than in the other groups (0.4 mL vs. 0.18-0.70 mL; p < 0.001). For the subjects between 2 and 36 months of age, the mean volume was 1.0 mL (range, 0.30-2.0 mL). No other significant differences were observed between groups, thyroid lobes, or gender. However, body mass index correlated significantly with total thyroid volume (r = 0.347; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The mean thyroid dimensions were smallest in the < 2 month age group (0.35 ± 0.16 mL). For the subjects between 2 and 36 months of age, a reference value of 0.85 ± 0.42 mL can be used. Our data could guide the diagnostic investigation of thyroid disease, especially congenital hypothyroidism, in childhood.

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Reference interval for prealbumin for children two to 36 months old.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/34.9.1875 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 34 (9) ◽

pp. 1878-1880 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B Sherry ◽

R M Jack ◽

A Weber ◽

A L Smith

Keyword(s):

Reference Value ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Age Group ◽

The Mean

Abstract To define a reference value for serum prealbumin (transthyretin) concentration, we used a rate immunonephelometric microassay to quantify it in 76 healthy children, ranging in age from two to 36 months. Age-specific ranges (+/- 2 SD from the mean) are: 2-5.9 months, 142-330 mg/L; 6-11.9 months, 120-274 mg/L; 12-17.9 months, 115-259 mg/L; 18-23.9 months, 143-243 mg/L; 24-36 months, 108-258 mg/L. When the data were grouped into those for subjects younger and older than 12 months of age, the mean for the 2-11.9 month age group (210 mg/L) significantly (P less than 0.01) exceeded that of the 12-36 month age group (187 mg/L). We propose that in spite of a decrease in prealbumin concentration with increasing age, it is acceptable to use the reference interval 116-281 mg/L (+/- 2 SD from the mean) for children from two to 36 months old. We also compared concentrations of prealbumin in serum and plasma of 41 individuals, finding the mean difference to be +11.7 mg/L; concentrations in plasma averaged 6.7% greater than those in serum.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of 24-h urinary output of children and adolescents: impact on the assessment of iodine status using urinary biomarkers

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-019-02151-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (7) ◽

pp. 3113-3131

Author(s):

Kelsey Beckford ◽

Carley A. Grimes ◽

Claire Margerison ◽

Lynn J. Riddell ◽

Sheila A. Skeaff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Urine Volume ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Age Group ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Spot Urine ◽

The Mean

Abstract Purpose Urinary iodine concentration (UIC (μg/ml) from spot urine samples collected from school-aged children is used to determine the iodine status of populations. Some studies further extrapolate UIC to represent daily iodine intake, based on the assumption that children pass approximately 1 L urine over 24-h, but this has never been assessed in population studies. Therefore, the present review aimed to collate and produce an estimate of the average 24-h urine volume of children and adolescents (> 1 year and < 19 years) from published studies. Methods EBSCOHOST and EMBASE databases were searched to identify studies which reported the mean 24-h urinary volume of healthy children (> 1 year and < 19 years). The overall mean (95% CI) estimate of 24-h urine volume was determined using a random effects model, broken down by age group. Results Of the 44 studies identified, a meta-analysis of 27 studies, with at least one criterion for assessing the completeness of urine collections, indicated that the mean urine volume of 2–19 year olds was 773 (654, 893) (95% CI) mL/24-h. When broken down by age group, mean (95% CI) 24-h urine volume was 531 mL/day (454, 607) for 2–5 year olds, 771 mL/day (734, 808) for 6–12 year olds, and 1067 mL/day (855, 1279) for 13–19 year olds. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the average urine volume of children aged 2–12 years is less than 1 L, therefore, misclassification of iodine intakes may occur when urine volumes fall below or above 1 L. Future studies utilizing spot urine samples to assess iodine status should consider this when extrapolating UIC to represent iodine intakes of a population.

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Management of lateral end clavicle fractures-using lateral clavicle locking plate: a prospective study

International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20195807 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Nageswara Rao V. ◽

Ravichandra V. ◽

Lavanya K. M. ◽

C. Ganapathi Swamy

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Locking Plate ◽

Fixation Method ◽

Age Group ◽

Lateral Clavicle ◽

Joint Dislocations ◽

Clavicle Fractures ◽

The Mean ◽

A Prospective Study

Background: Lateral end clavicle fractures are one of the common upper limb fractures. They constitute 21–28% of all clavicle fractures. Of these 10–52% is displaced fractures. The management of fractures of lateral end clavicle remains debated and challenging. The objectivbe of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome following surgical treatment of unstable/displaced (Neer type II lateral clavicle fractures, and acromio-clavicular joint dislocations Rockwood grade III to V) lateral end clavicle fractures using lateral clavicle locking plate.Methods: It is a prospective study conducted in the orthopaedics department of GSL Medical College and General Hospital for a period of 3 years (April 2016 to March 2019) among a total of 60 patients.Results: About 23 (38.3%) belonged to 41–50 years age group, followed by 16 (26.7%) to 31–40 years age group and 13 (21.7%) to >51 years age group and 8 (13.3%) to 18–30 years age group. The time from trauma to surgery ranged from 0-15 days with a mean of 5 days and the mean operating time was 41 minutes ranging between 23-70 minutes. Mean duration to union was 13.33±2.126 weeks and the mean Constant Murley score was 88.56. Functional outcome at 6 months follow up was excellent in 8 (13.3%), good in 37 (61.7%), fair in 13 (21.7%) and poor in 2 (3.3%) patients.Conclusions: Although there is no consensus as to a “gold standard” fixation method for unstable distal clavicle fractures, satisfactory outcomes could be obtained using the lateral clavicle locking plate resulting in sufficient stabilization and good functional outcome.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY RELATING WATER DRINKING TEST AND INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

10.36106/paripex/6900338 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 6-8

Author(s):

Thangerani Raajaseharan ◽

S.R. Raajaseharan ◽

Aishwarya Thanasekaran ◽

Nihma Arif A M

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Age Groups ◽

Age Group ◽

Water Drinking ◽

Normal Healthy Individual ◽

Surgical History ◽

Drinking Test ◽

The Mean ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Water Drinking Test

AIM:To determine the behavior of IOP in different age groups among normal populations after water drinking test for a period of time. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This is a prospective study involving normal healthy individual taken from different age groups 20-50 years,with no relevant past medical and surgical history. Patients were instructed to drink 1Litre of water over a period of 5-10minutes after 8 hours of overnight fasting and the IOP was checked before drinking water and every 15minutes for 1 hour period followed by 2 hours after drinking water using schiotz tonometer.The difference in baseline IOP and IOP at 1 hour and 2 hour was evaluated among different age groups . RESULT: 100 patients from the age groups 20-50 years were studied .The mean baseline IOP was in the range of 12.4mmHg and the mean IOP after 1 hour was 15.3mmHg.A difference of 4-4.5 mmHg were noted in the age group of 40- 50 years .The IOP was gradually decreasing to 12.78mmHg over a period of 2 hours after WDT. CONCLUSION: The higher age group the more the rise in the IOP after WDT which concludes that as the age increases drinking litres of water over a few minutes will substantially increase the IOP,which might damage the optic nerve.

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Ultrasound Measurement of Thyroid Isthmus Thickness in Clinically Euthyroid Subjects

Nepalese Journal of Radiology ◽

10.3126/njr.v8i2.22979 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 26-29

Author(s):

Prakash Kayastha ◽

Sharma Paudel ◽

Ram Kumar Ghimire

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Reference Value ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Ultrasound Measurement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hilly Region ◽

Pearson Correlation Test ◽

Normal Thickness ◽

Normal Reference Value

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to establish the reference value of normal thickness of thyroid isthmus among clinically euthyroid Nepalese individuals using Ultrasonography and correlate this with thyroid volume, sex, individual’s built and geographic location.Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study involving 485 clinically euthyroid individuals. B -mode Ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of thyroid isthmus in transverse plane. Mean thickness of isthmus for male and female was obtained and Pearson correlation test was used to see the relationship with various factors.Results: Among 485 individuals between 1 to 83 years of age, 221 were males and 264 were females. Maximum individuals (72.99%) were from hilly region and minimum (3.30%) were from Himalayan region. Mean thickness of isthmus was 3.097 ± 1.009 mm (range 1.0 to 6.8 mm). It was 3.114 ± 0.9513 mm for male and 3.083 ± 1.056 mm for female. Isthmus thickness best correlated with total thyroid volume (r=0.373, p=0.0001). Isthmus thickness also positively correlated with body mass index (r=0.355, p =0.0001), body surface area (r= 0.296, p=0.0001), weight (r =0.334, p=0.0001) and height (r =0.130, p =0.004) of the individuals.Conclusion: This study estimated the normal reference value of thyroid isthmus thickness. As isthmus thickness correlated well with total thyroid volume, it can roughly guide the thyroid volume and help assessment of thyroid size in diffuse thyroid disease.

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Determination of Lymphocyte Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Values in Apparently Healthy Children by means of Age and Sex

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8729561 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Burak Durmaz ◽

Hasan Taslidere ◽

Guldane Koturoglu ◽

Cumhur Gunduz ◽

Mehmet Orman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Values ◽

Close Contact ◽

Age Groups ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Age Group ◽

Age Related ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Age And Sex ◽

Apparently Healthy

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay on blood lymphocytes is one of the most important tests implemented in cytogenetics for the measurement of genotoxicity. For the purpose of biological dosing, it is crucial to know the spontaneous frequency of MN and its normal values in general population, especially in children, which are used for the population databases. In this study, MN levels were investigated in cytokinesis-blocked lymphocytes of 150 apparently healthy children aged 1 to 15. Our aim was to assess the variability of MN values according to age and sex. The mean MN frequency among boys was 3.69 ± 1.747‰ and 4.12 ± 1.867‰ in girls where there was no significant difference in relation to age and sex. However, when we separated age groups as 0–2 years, 3–5 years, 6–10 years, and 11–15 years, one-way ANOVA test showed significant association. Significance was obvious in the 0–2 years age group with the 3–5 years age group and 6–10 years age group. When we grouped our study population as 0–2 years and 3–15 years, the mean MN frequency among the 0–2 years age group was 2.85 ± 1.599‰ and 4.07 ± 1.867‰ in the 3–15 years age group which was also statistically significant. This difference may be attributed to age-related increase of close contact with environmental hazardous agents. In conclusion, normal values of MN obtained in this study will add valuable information in regard to update the current childhood population data and will act as a reference for further genotoxicity studies.

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Results of cartilage shield tympanoplasty in revision cases of myringoplasty

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20201281 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 673

Author(s):

Raman Wadhera ◽

Keshav Gupta

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Data ◽

Pure Tone ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Hearing Outcome ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Mean ◽

A Prospective Study

Background: Cartilage shield tympanoplasty (CST) is seen as a good option for revision surgery in cases of myringoplasty failure. Cartilage serves as rigid material which resists retraction. However, there have been concerns regarding hearing outcome and surveillance in follow up period.Methods: A prospective study was conducted at our tertiary institute. 25 patients of either sex in age group of 18-50 years with one or more failed tympanoplasties underwent CST. Pre-operative and post-operative audiograms were obtained, and patients were regularly followed up to calculate graft uptake and hearing outcome. Quantitative data was analyzed by using Student t-test and for qualitative data chi square test was used. Results: The mean pre-operative pure tone air-bone gap was 25.09±8.10 dB while the mean postoperative pure tone air-bone gap was 13.47±5.18 dB, one case (4%) presented with failure as there was a residual perforation antero-inferiorly. Since it was a small residual perforation, it was planned for closure by fat myringoplasty. No complications were recorded. We obtained graft take rate of 96% and mean postoperative gain of 11.62±7.11 dB in PTA-ABG.Conclusions: We recommend CST for revision cases of tympanoplasty.

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Osteotomy for Correction of Premature Growth Plate Closure in 24 Dogs

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1633134 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 07 (03) ◽

pp. 129-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C.W. Miller ◽

P.W. Morgan

Keyword(s):

Corrective Osteotomy ◽

Functional Results ◽

Degenerative Joint Disease ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Angular Deformity ◽

Dynamic Correction ◽

Age At Surgery ◽

Limb Deformities ◽

The Mean ◽

A Prospective Study

SummaryTwenty-four dogs (27 limbs) were evaluated after surgery for correction of forelimb angular limb deformities. Partial ulnar ostectomies or definitive corrective osteotomies were performed depending upon the age of the dog. According to owner assessment nine of fourteen limbs were considered functionally good, or excellent, after partial ulnar ostectomies. Younger dogs appeared to have better functional results after dynamic correction with the mean age at surgery of dogs with good to excellent results being 6.5 months contrasted to the mean age at surgery of dogs with fair to poor results being 9.75 months. Ten of fourteen limbs were considered functionally good or excellent after definitive corrective osteotomy. One dog had definitive osteotomy after partial ulnar ostectomy in order to further correct a residual angular deformity. However, 58% of the limbs with radiographic follow-up had signs of degenerative joint disease (DJD). There were not significant differences between neither degree of angulation remaining after surgery and the functional result nor the degree of angulation remaining after surgery and the development of DJD. A prospective study is warranted to more objectively assess the efficacy of surgical correction of angular limb deformities in dogs.Twenty-four dogs were evaluated after surgery for correction of forelimb angular limb deformities. The results are described.

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A STUDY OF SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS IN PREECLAMPSIA

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i1.961 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sushma Goad ◽

Anita Verma ◽

Subhash Chandra

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Uric Acid Level ◽

Acid Level ◽

Serum Uric Acid Level ◽

Control Group ◽

Age Group ◽

Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽

Level Elevation ◽

The Mean

Background: To Study Serum Uric Acid level elevation in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Methods: 50 Patients diagnosed as having Pre-eclampsia with age between 18-37 years and 50 controls with similar age group. Results: The mean serum uric acid level in control group was 3.41 ± 0.62 and in patient 7.01 ± 0.58 which was statistically significant (p =0.001). Conclusion: Serum uric acid levels were significantly higher in preeclampsia could be a useful indicator of fetal complication in preeclampsia patients. Keywords: serum uric acid, preeclampsia, laboratory.

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DFT Benchmark Study of the O--O Bond Dissociation Energy in Peroxides Validated with High-Level Ab-Initio Calculations

10.26434/chemrxiv.8217221.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Danilo Carmona ◽

Pablo Jaque ◽

Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez

Keyword(s):

Reference Value ◽

Basis Set ◽

Basis Sets ◽

Mean Deviation ◽

Bond Dissociation ◽

Dissociation Energies ◽

The Mean ◽

Experimental Values ◽

High Level ◽

Almost All

<div><div><div>Peroxides play a central role in many chemical and biological pro- cesses such as the Fenton reaction. The relevance of these compounds lies in the low stability of the O–O bond which upon dissociation results in radical species able to initiate various chemical or biological processes. In this work, a set of 64 DFT functional-basis set combinations has been validated in terms of their capability to describe bond dissociation energies (BDE) for the O–O bond in a database of 14 ROOH peroxides for which experimental values ofBDE are available. Moreover, the electronic contributions to the BDE were obtained for four of the peroxides and the anion H2O2− at the CBS limit at CCSD(T) level with Dunning’s basis sets up to triple–ζ quality provid- ing a reference value for the hydrogen peroxide anion as a model. Almost all the functionals considered here yielded mean absolute deviations around 5.0 kcal mol−1. The smallest values were observed for the ωB97 family and the Minnesota M11 functional with a marked basis set dependence. Despite the mean deviation, order relations among BDE experimental values of peroxides were also considered. The ωB97 family was able to reproduce the relations correctly whereas other functionals presented a marked dependence on the chemical nature of the R group. Interestingly, M11 functional did not show a very good agreement with the established order despite its good performance in the mean error. The obtained results support the use of similar validation strategies for proper prediction of BDE or other molecular properties by DF Tmethods in subsequent related studies.</div></div></div>

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