scholarly journals Digestibility, fermentation and microbiological characteristics of Calotropis procera silage with different quantities of grape pomace

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 698-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clérison dos Santos Belém ◽  
Anderson Miranda de Souza ◽  
Patrícia Rodrigues de Lima ◽  
Francisco Allan Leandro de Carvalho ◽  
Mário Adriano Ávila Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

ABSTRACT Preserving forage plants adapted to a semi-arid climate as silage may minimize the animal feed deficit during drought. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different quantities of grape pomace added to Calotropis procera silage on its fermentation, in vitro digestibility, total digestible nutrients and microbiology. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments (0, 10, 20 and 40% fresh matter) and four replicates. The silos were opened after 90 days of ensilage, and the soluble carbohydrate, ethanol, organic acid and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations; pH; fermentation loss; dry matter (DM) recovery; DM density, and microbial populations were determined. The pH (3.96-3.87) was adequate for ensiling in all silage samples. The soluble carbohydrate concentration decreased (p<0.05), and the ethanol concentration increased with increasing quantities of grape pomace. The lactic acid concentration decreased (p<0.05) from 5.3 to 1.94% DM, and the acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations increased with increasing quantities of grape pomace. The lactic acid bacteria decreased linearly (p <0.05), varying from 6.43 to 5.82 log CFU/g silage. The mold and yeast population variations fit best using a third-order polynomial equation (p <0.05). Enterobacteria and Clostridium spp were not observed. Adding grape pomace to the silage increased the effluent and gas loss; the latter varied from 5.35 to 14.4%. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) variation fit best using a second-order polynomial equation, and the maximum value was estimated at 82.95% DM with 3.5% grape pomace using the regression equation. The percent digestibility decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing quantities of grape pomace. We show that Calotropis procera has potential as silage even without adding grape pomace.

EVALUATION OF A NATURAL RUBBER SLEEVE STOPPER AS A CONTROLLED-RELEASE SUBSTRATE FOR USE IN STUDIES OF SEX-PHEROMONE-MEDIATED MATING DISRUPTION OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Trimble ◽  
C.A. Tyndall ◽  
B.D. McGarvey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Rubber Sleeve ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Decline ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

AbstractNatural rubber sleeve stoppers were impregnated with 10 mg of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl-acetate, the major component of spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), pheromone. In the laboratory, there was a linear decline in the amount of pheromone remaining on stoppers during 8 weeks of exposure to 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. At 30 and 35 °C, the relationship was curvilinear and could be described using a second-order polynomial equation. The estimated rate of evaporation ranged from 0.03 mg/day at 10 °C to 0.08 mg/day at 25 °C; the rate of evaporation at 30 and 35 °C varied with the time since first exposure. There was a linear decline in the amount of pheromone remaining on stoppers during 8 weeks of exposure to fluctuating temperature regimes with average temperatures of 10 °C (i.e., 5–15 °C) and 20 °C (i.e., 15–25 °C). At a fluctuating regime with an average temperature of 30 °C (i.e., 25–35 °C), the relationship was curvilinear and could be described using a second-order polynomial equation. The estimated rate of evaporation was 0.02 and 0.09 mg/day at 5–15 and 15–25 °C, respectively; the estimated daily rate of evaporation at 25–35 °C varied with the time since first exposure. In an orchard, the estimated average rate of evaporation of pheromone from stoppers ranged from 0.05 to 0.31 mg/day and did not vary significantly with temperature. During the first 4 weeks of exposure in an orchard, the observed rate of evaporation was up to 4.4-fold greater than the rate predicted using the relationship between evaporation rate and constant temperatures observed in the laboratory. The potential for using natural rubber sleeve stoppers as controlled-release substrates in studies of sex-pheromone-mediated mating disruption of P. blancardella is discussed.

Effects of Crystallization Degree on Rate during Isothermal Crystallization from PET Melt

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 1520-1523
Author(s):  
Hong Ya Zhang ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Hua Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Crystallization Rate ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Heat Flow Rate ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Coefficient Vector ◽  
Crystallization Degree ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

In this study, one new function is defined as change of relative crystallization degree in unit time and named relative crystallization rate (1/min.). The curve of heat flow rate to time is transmitted to that of to . The produced curve was fitted using one high-order polynomial equation with a variable of and the coefficient vector （Ai ,in this paper，the values of i were from 0 to 9）was produced. It was found that, even during the accelerated stage of crystallization from PET melt，both aspects to promote and delay the relative crystallization rate existed， furthermore， both aspects of promotion and delay declined with the crystallization process and appeared “internal exhaustion”.

Soil-line vegetation indices for corn nitrogen content prediction

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bagheri ◽  
H. Ahmadi ◽  
S. Alavipanah ◽  
M. Omid
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Soil Line ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Canopy Nitrogen ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation ◽  
Corn Canopy

Soil-line vegetation indices for corn nitrogen content prediction The soil-line vegetation indices for prediction of corn canopy nitrogen content were investigated. Results indicated that the vegetation indices applied were correlated with corn canopy nitrogen content and the wavelengths between 630-860 nm are suitable for nitrogen diagnosis. The second-order polynomial equation was the best model for nitrogen content prediction among different regression types. Analyses based on both predicted and measured data were carried out to compare the performance of existing vegetation indices.

scholarly journals Stationary values of the transmission ratio of the planar fourbar

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wittenburg
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Sixth Order ◽  
New Method ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Output Link ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

The transmission ratio of the planar fourbar, i.e. the ratio of the angular velocities of input link and output link, is a function of the input angle. Freudenstein [1] showed how to calculate stationary values of the transmission ratio. In the present paper a new method is described. Like Freudenstein’s method it results in a sixth-order polynomial equation.

Forward Position Analysis of Nearly General Stewart Platforms

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Change-de Zhang ◽  
Shin-Min Song
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Stewart Platform ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Constraint Equations ◽  
Position Analysis ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Moving Platform ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation ◽  
Simultaneous Elimination

Abstract This paper presents the closed-form solution of forward position analysis of the nearly general stewart platform, which consists of a base and a moving planar platforms connected by six extensible limbs through spherical joints in the two planar platforms. It becomes a general stewart platform if the centers are not constrained to those two planes. In this study, transformation matrix is used to represent the position of the moving platform. Based on the six dependency equations of the rotation matrix and the six constraint equations related to the six link lengths, a set of six 4-th degree equations in three unknowns are derived. Further derivations produce twenty-one dependent constraint equations. By simultaneous elimination of two unknowns a 20-th order polynomial equation in one unknown is obtained. Due to dual solutions of other unknowns, this indicates a maximum of forty possible solutions. The roots of this polynomial are solved numerically and the realistic solutions are constructed using computer graphics.

Formulation and optimization of biological removal of flue gas pretreatment wastewater and sulfur recycling process by Box–Behnken design

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2706-2711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Wang ◽  
Yuan Cao ◽  
Qin Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation ◽  
Sulfur Yield

The aim of this study was to investigate optimum conditions for biological removal of flue gas pretreatment wastewater and achieve maximum elemental sulfur yield. A three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design was used to derive a second-order polynomial equation and construct contour plots to predict responses. The independent variables selected were hydraulic retention time (X1), inlet sulfate concentration (X2), and air flow (X3). Fifteen batches were done in a biological united system and evaluated for elemental sulfur yield (Y1). The transformed values of the independent variables and Y1 were subjected to a full-model second-order polynomial equation. The equation was modified based on Fisher's F- and probability P-values. The computer optimization process and contour plots predicted the values of independent variables X1, X2 and X3 (16 h, 1,348 mg L−1 and 165 L h−1 respectively), for maximized response of Y1. The experimental results at predicted conditions demonstrate that the modified model equation has good applicability to the practical system.

scholarly journals Second-Order Polynomial Equation-Based Block Adjustment for Orthorectification of DISP Imagery

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoqing Zhou ◽  
Tao Yue ◽  
Yujun Shi ◽  
Rongting Zhang ◽  
Jingjin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

Analytical method for locating the secondary instant centres of indeterminate planar linkages

2008 ◽  
Vol 223 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-M Kung ◽  
L-C T Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Order ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Velocity Information ◽  
Planar Linkages ◽  
Fourth Order Polynomial ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

This article presents a new analytical method for locating secondary instant centres (SICs) of indeterminate planar linkages. In this method the SICs are first discriminated into three classes according to their level of geometric dependencies. The concepts of instant-centre digraph, instant-centre walk, and instant-centre circuit are then introduced to establish the recursive relationships between the classified instant centres. It is shown that the location of the instant centres within an instant-centre circuit can be evaluated recursively by first solving a second-order polynomial equation. In addition, by combining the recurrence conditions of several related instant-centre walks, the locations of SICs that are not within an instant-centre circuit can be solved analytically from a fourth-order polynomial equation. The proposed method does not rely on any velocity information or graphical techniques; therefore, it can be applied systematically to all types of indeterminate linkages. It can also be implemented on digital computers for automated analysis. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the usage of this method.

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