scholarly journals Health expectancy indicators: what do they measure?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa di Lego
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Total Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
European Health

Abstract Background Health expectancy indicators aim at capturing the quality dimension of total life expectancy.; however, the underlying approach, definition of health, and information source differ considerably among the indicators available. Objective (1) Review the main concepts and approaches used to estimate health expectancy focusing on two widely used European health indicators: Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) and Healthy Life Years (HLY); (2) identify underlying differences between the results yielded by these two indicators. Method Statistical differences between the HALE and HLY indicators by sex at ages 50, 60, and 70 were tested using pairwise and global Student´s t-tests and z-scores based on standard deviation. Data for 29 European countries were collected from the European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (EHEMU) information system and the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016). Results The HALE indicator estimates were smoother across European countries compared with those of the HLY indicator, present a narrower sex gap in morbidity, higher z-scores compared with the average distribution across Europe, and results less sensitive to cross-national variations. Conclusion The HALE estimates indicate that morbidity is more compressed for both sexes, whereas the HLY estimates suggest that morbidity is more compressed for males but more expanded for females. These contrasting results demonstrate that health expectancy indicators should be interpreted with caution.

scholarly journals Health Status of Old Age Population in Bulgaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Mariana Mourgova
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Healthy Life Years ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Different Levels

This article examines the health status of the population in Bulgaria at age 65 by gender during the period 2006-2014. The health status is examined by some of the most frequently used demographic indicators, namely life expectancy, based on mortality data and healthy life years and healthy life expectancy, based on mortality, life expectancy and self-perceived health. The main results show that despite of the observed increase in life expectancy at age 65 in Bulgaria during the period it is the lowest compared to other European countries. The share for both men and women reported their health status as without limitations in respect to daily activities decline, while those reported their health status as good increase. These contradictory facts reflect on the measures of health status. Thus, the trend in healthy life years for both sexes decline over the period, whereas the trend in healthy life expectancy increases. Compared with the other European countries, the expected number of years without limitations in Bulgaria is among the largest, while the healthy life expectancy is the lowest. These differences could be explained by the different levels in mortality and the nature of the measures of health status themselves.

scholarly journals Health Status of Old Age Population in Bulgaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Mariana Mourgova
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Healthy Life Years ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Different Levels

This article examines the health status of the population in Bulgaria at age 65 by gender during the period 2006-2014. The health status is examined by some of the most frequently used demographic indicators, namely life expectancy, based on mortality data and healthy life years and healthy life expectancy, based on mortality, life expectancy and self-perceived health. The main results show that despite of the observed increase in life expectancy at age 65 in Bulgaria during the period it is the lowest compared to other European countries. The share for both men and women reported their health status as without limitations in respect to daily activities decline, while those reported their health status as good increase. These contradictory facts reflect on the measures of health status. Thus, the trend in healthy life years for both sexes decline over the period, whereas the trend in healthy life expectancy increases. Compared with the other European countries, the expected number of years without limitations in Bulgaria is among the largest, while the healthy life expectancy is the lowest. These differences could be explained by the different levels in mortality and the nature of the measures of health status themselves.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Ethiopian life expectancy by age and cause of mortality; 1990-2010

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizachew Balew ◽  
Youngtae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Lower Respiratory Infection ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Ethiopia, a sub-Saharan country with over 94 million populations growing at a rate of 2.6 percent is showing a fast socio-economic improvement. According to World Health Organization 2014, life expectancy in the country has increased by about 19 years with in the last two decades. It has also reduced child mortality by 2/3rd; two years ahead of millennium development goal deadline. This research will focus in decomposing the improvement in life expectancy in the country from 1990 to 2010. Methods: We used a secondary data on cause and age specific mortality estimate of Ethiopia from institute of health metrics and evaluation. Burden of disease is measured using potential life years lost and potential life years gained using survival 6 program and compared across time. Further improvement in life expectancy is decomposed across age and specific causes using Pollard’s life expectancy decomposition method. Results: Burden of disease measured in weighted years of life lost (YLL) shows that lower respiratory infection at a value of 5.35, neonatal disorders [4.058], diarrheal diseases [3.6], neglected tropical diseases [2.4], meningitis [1.49] and tuberculosis [1.19] are the top causes of burden in 1990 which showed a slight shift in 2010. Lower respiratory tract infections showed the highest reduction in YLL by about 41.27%, followed by diarrheal disease (32.8%) and meningitis (26.46%). Decomposition of life expectancy shows among the total 15.25 years increase in life expectancy from 1990 to 2010, about 5.8 (35.78%) years of increase in life expectancy is achieved through improved longevity in children’s aged 1- 4 year. On the other hand diarrheal diseases reduction contributes about 3.12 [15.96%] followed by lower respiratory infection about 2.54 [12.98%], neglected tropical diseases by 1.45 [7.43%] and tuberculosis by 1.2 [6.25%] years. Conclusions and recommendation: Burden of disease in Ethiopia has declined dramatically which has contributed to the improvement in life expectancy, with the highest reduction already recorded in major communicable diseases. Though it is encouraging that mortality from children has reduced in the country, the slow change in mortality and burden of disease in the general adult population needs future public attention.

scholarly journals The impact of immigration on tuberculosis and HIV burden between Colombia and Venezuela and across frontier regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Enrique Arenas-Suarez ◽  
Laura I. Cuervo ◽  
Edier F. Avila ◽  
Alejandro Duitama-Leal ◽  
Andrea Clemencia Pineda-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Health Indicators ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Nations Programme ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract: Historically, human migrations have determined the spread of many infectious diseases by promoting the emergence of temporal outbreaks between populations. We aimed to analyze health indicators, expenditure, and disability caused by tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS burden under the Colombian-Venezuelan migration flow focusing on the Northeastern border. A retrospective study was conducted using TB and HIV/AIDS data since 2009. We consolidated a database using official reports from the Colombian Surveillance System, World Health Organization, Indexmundi, the Global Health Observatory, IHME HIV atlas, and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Disability metrics regarding DALYs (disability adjusted life years) and YLDs (years lived with disability), were compared between countries. Mapping was performed on ArcGIS using official migration data of Venezuelan citizens. Our results indicate that TB profiles from Colombia and Venezuela are identical in terms of disease burden, except for an increase in TB incidence in the Colombian-Venezuelan border departments in recent years, concomitantly with the massive Venezuelan immigration since 2005. We identified a four-fold underfunding for the TB program in Venezuela, which might explain the low-testing rates for cases of multidrug-resistant TB (67%) and HIV/AIDS (60%), as well as extended hospital stays (150 days). We found a significant increase in DALYs of HIV/AIDS patients in Venezuela, specifically, 362.35 compared to 265.37 observed in Colombia during 2017. This study suggests that the Venezuelan massive migration and program underfunding might exacerbate the dual burden of TB and HIV in Colombia, especially towards the Colombian‐Venezuelan border.

Socio-Economic Inequalities in Life Expectancy and Health Expectancy at Age 50 and over in European Countries.

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Mosquera ◽  
Yolanda González-Rábago ◽  
Unai Martín ◽  
Amaia Bacigalupe
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Demographic Ageing

Abstract Based on the demographic ageing, many European governments have modified the statutory retirement age. However, in general, life expectancy (LE) and health expectancy (HE) are not uniformly distributed, being both lower among the least advantaged groups. Thus, a systematic search and review of the literature has been conducted to identify socioeconomic inequalities in LE and HE at age 50 and over in European countries. Twenty-nine studies were included in the review. Across Europe, people in a more advantaged position can expect to live longer, more years in good health and less in bad health, and therefore a lower percentage of their lives in bad health. Zusammenfassung: Sozioökonomische Ungleichheiten in der Lebens- und Gesundheitserwartung im Alter von 50 und älter in Europäischen Ländern. Erkenntnisse für die Debatte der Rentenpolitik Vor dem Hintergrund der demographischen Alterung haben viele europäische Regierungen das Renteneintrittsalter modifiziert. Allerdings sind Lebensund Gesundheitserwartungen nicht gleichmäßig verteilt, sondern sind in benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen niedriger. Um sozioökonomische Ungleichheiten in der Lebens- und Gesundheitserwartung von Individuen im Alter von 50 Jahren und älter zu betrachten, wurde eine systematische Suche und Begutachtung der Literatur in den europäischen Ländern durchgeführt. Es wurden 29 Studien in der Begutachtung miteinbezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass Individuen in vorteilhaften Positionen erwarten können länger zu leben, länger gesund zu sein und weniger häufig einen schlechten Gesundheitszustand aufweisen, was der Grund dafür ist, dass sie auch einen geringeren Anteil ihrer Lebenszeit in schlechter Gesundheit verbringen.

Decennial trends and inequalities in healthy life expectancy: The HUNT Study, Norway

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri H. Storeng ◽  
Steinar Krokstad ◽  
Steinar Westin ◽  
Erik R. Sund
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Total Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Hunt Study ◽  
Total Life

Aims: Norway is experiencing a rising life expectancy combined with an increasing dependency ratio – the ratio of those outside over those within the working force. To provide data relevant for future health policy we wanted to study trends in total and healthy life expectancy in a Norwegian population over three decades (1980s, 1990s and 2000s), both overall and across gender and educational groups. Methods: Data were obtained from the HUNT Study, and the Norwegian Educational Database. We calculated total life expectancy and used the Sullivan method to calculate healthy life expectancies based on self-rated health and self-reported longstanding limiting illness. The change in health expectancies was decomposed into mortality and disability effects. Results: During three consecutive decades we found an increase in life expectancy for 30-year-olds (~7 years) and expected lifetime in self-rated good health (~6 years), but time without longstanding limiting illness increased less (1.5 years). Women could expect to live longer than men, but the extra life years for females were spent in poor self-rated health and with longstanding limiting illness. Differences in total life expectancy between educational groups decreased, whereas differences in expected lifetime in self-rated good health and lifetime without longstanding limiting illness increased. Conclusions: The increase in total life expectancy was accompanied by an increasing number of years spent in good self-rated health but more years with longstanding limiting illness. This suggests increasing health care needs for people with chronic diseases, given an increasing number of elderly. Socioeconomic health inequalities remain a challenge for increasing pensioning age.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional study of loss of life expectancy at different ages related to firearm deaths among black and white Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Kalesan ◽  
Mrithyunjay A Vyliparambil ◽  
Yi Zuo ◽  
Jeffrey J Siracuse ◽  
Jeffrey A Fagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Firearm Injury ◽  
Total Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Prevention Programmes

Understanding the life years lost by assault and suicide due to firearms among white and black Americans can help us understand the race-specific and intent-specific firearm mortality burden and inform prevention programmes. The objective was to assess national and race-specific life expectancy loss related to firearms in the USA due to assault and suicide. We used firearm mortality data available from Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research to calculate the life expectancy loss between 2000 and 2016 separately for assaults and suicides among white and black Americans. The total national life expectancy loss due to firearms was 2.48 (2.23 whites, 4.14 blacks) years. The total life expectancy loss in years due to firearm assault was 0.95 (0.51 whites, 3.41 blacks) and suicide was 1.43 (1.62 whites, 0.60 blacks), respectively. Firearm life expectancy loss in years at birth, 20, 40 and 60 years of age was 0.29 (0.22 whites, 0.56 blacks), 0.25 (0.21 whites, 0.47 blacks), 0.09 (0.10 whites, 0.08 blacks) and 0.03 (0.03 whites, 0.01 blacks) years. National firearm life expectancy loss in days from 20 to 60 years declined by 79.5 (65.8 whites, 166.3 blacks); for assault by 37.5 (18.9 whites, 141.0 blacks) and suicides by 38.7 (43.9 whites, 20.3 blacks). Americans lose substantial years of life due to firearm injury. This loss in life years is characterised by a large racial gap by age and intent. Tailored prevention programmes are needed to reduce this loss and lessen the racial gaps.

scholarly journals Population trends and burden of disease profile in Somalia from 1990 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Mehl ◽  
F Senkubuge ◽  
T Cronje
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Life Years

Abstract Background In Somalia, general health indicators and information on the health trends are lacking. Somalia and countries globally aim to attain the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health. This study aims to describe the trends in population health and disease burden in Somalia in the past 27 years and show the pattern of health transition across the country from 1990 to 2017. Methods This cross-sectional study retrieved secondary data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) system. All health-related data were cleaned, captured, and descriptively analysed through SAS 9.4. We analysed Mortality rates, Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), Years of Life Lost because of premature death (YLLs), Years lived with disability (YLDs), Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE), and Age-Standardised Death Rate (ASD). Causes and risks of mortality and morbidity were categorised in communicable diseases (CMNN), non-communicable diseases (NCD) and injuries. Results Life expectancy has improved from 52.5 to 60.7 years old for females and 48.0 to 56.6 years old for males. The total causes of DALYs declined by 52% (from 120 860,71 to 58 321,04); YLD declined by 8% (from 9 957,15 to 9 152,86); and the YLLs declined by 54% (110 903,56 to 49 168,18) for both sexes. The maternal mortality rate declined by 34% (522,99 to 343,86) and under 5 mortality rate by 64% (5 176,54 to 1 899,17). CMNNs was the main cause of DALYs, NCDs for YLDs and CMNNs for YLLs in 2017. HALE saw a steady increase. CMNNs was the main cause of ASD in 1990 then declined and NCDs became the main cause of ASD in 2017. Conclusions Somalia's health status has improved between 1990 and 2017, although certain geographically and societal factors still play an important role in rates not changing. Strengthened policies to address health and developmental challenges within Somalia is vital in achieving the SDG health goals. Key messages An analysis of the health system in Somalia was used to make recommendations and improvements in and for health outcomes. Information on health systems is an important topic and due to the challenges and changes in population demographics and patterns of disease, improving health care in a country like Somalia is vital.

scholarly journals Early trends of socio-economic and health indicators influencing case fatality rate of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahir Asfahan ◽  
Aneesa Shahul ◽  
Gopal Chawla ◽  
Naveen Dutt ◽  
Ram Niwas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Selection Of Variables ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Coronavirus disease 2019, i.e. COVID-19, started as an outbreak in a district of China and has engulfed the world in a matter of 3 months. It is posing a serious health and economic challenge worldwide. However, case fatality rates (CFRs) have varied amongst various countries ranging from 0 to 8.91%. We have evaluated the effect of selected socio-economic and health indicators to explain this variation in CFR. Countries reporting a minimum of 50 cases as on 14th March 2020, were selected for this analysis. Data about the socio-economic indicators of each country was accessed from the World bank database and data about the health indicators were accessed from the World Health Organisation (WHO) database. Various socioeconomic indicators and health indicators were selected for this analysis. After selecting from univariate analysis, the indicators with the maximum correlation were used to build a model using multiple variable linear regression with a forward selection of variables and using adjusted R-squared score as the metric. We found univariate regression results were significant for GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita, POD 30/70 (Probability Of Dying Between Age 30 And Exact Age 70 From Any of Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, Diabetes or Chronic Respiratory Disease), HCI (Human Capital Index), GNI(Gross National Income) per capita, life expectancy, medical doctors per 10000 population, as these parameters negatively corelated with CFR (rho = -0.48 to -0.38 , p<0.05). Case fatality rate was regressed using ordinary least squares (OLS) against the socio-economic and health indicators. The indicators in the final model were GDP per capita, POD 30/70, HCI, life expectancy, medical doctors per 10,000, median age, current health expenditure per capita, number of confirmed cases and population in millions. The adjusted R-squared score was 0.306. Developing countries with a poor economy are especially vulnerable in terms of COVID-19 mortality and underscore the need to have a global policy to deal with this on-going pandemic. These trends largely confirm that the toll from COVID-19 will be worse in countries ill-equipped to deal with it. These analyses of epidemiological data are need of time as apart from increasing situational awareness, it guides us in taking informed interventions and helps policy-making to tackle this pandemic.

scholarly journals Determinants Of Healthy Ageing For Older People In European Countries – A Spatio-Temporal Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 157-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Suchecka ◽  
Bogusława Urbaniak
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Active And Healthy Ageing ◽  
Life Years

The European Commission (EC) has identified active and healthy ageing (AHA) as a major societal challenge mutual to European countries. This issue has increased in importance due to the progressive ageing observed in European societies, that force authorities to take initiatives for support the activity of the elderly. One of the initiatives, widely recognised is The European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, which strive to enabling EU citizens to lead healthy, active and independent lives while ageing. The positive effect of actions for the AHA will be extension of the life in good health duration of EU citizens by two years by 2020. This is an important issue, as in 2013, women who have reached the age of 65 years in UE28 were facing on average 21.3 years of further life years and only 8.6 years (on average this amounted for 40.4 % of life expectancy) accounted for living in health, whereas for males, this ratio was estimated on 8.5 years in health of the anticipated further 17.9 years (47.5% of further life duration). Life expectancy in good health in older age is influenced by many different factors, i.e. cultural, social, economic and accessibility to health services and the quality of provided treatment. The last aspect is related to both the economic development of the country and the health care system management. The significant factor that has been increasingly emphasised in documentation of World Health Organisation or European Commission, concerns the investment in public and individual health. Taking into account the multivariate impact of objective and subjective factors on life expectancy in good health of elderly, the Authors decided to conduct the multidimensional comparative analysis for EU countries, including Norway, Switzerland and Iceland as well. Among the objective factors Authors distinguished: proportion of population (men and women) aged 65 years and more, economic development of the countries measured by GDP per capita, healthy life years expectancy in absolute values for males and females at 65 years, health care expenditures in PPS per inhabitant aged 65+, whereas the group of subjective characteristics consisted of: self-perceived health for people aged 65+ and self-reported unmet needs for medical services. The article aims to investigate the relationship between the length of the further life in healthy for men and women aged 65 years and selected factors in European countries in the period 2005–2012. For this purpose, following methods were used: 1/ spatial distribution of characteristics – rates of change in selected periods: 2005 and 2012, 2/ tests for dependencies using correlograms and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, 3/ cluster analysis: on the basis of Ward’s methods spatial similarities (among countries) were indicated. As the source of data the Eurostat database were used.

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