URINARY GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION IN HYPOGONADAL MEN

1965 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. M. HUTCHINSON ◽  
J. M. WORDEN ◽  
F. T. G. PRUNTY
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Syndrome Type ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mouse Uterus ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Testicular Disease

SUMMARY Gonadotrophin excretion in 50 hypogonadal males has been investigated by the kaolin-acetone extraction method and the mouse uterus test. Patients with panhypopituitarism had values for gonadotrophin excretion below the normal range while those thought to have gonadotrophin insufficiency not due to hypopituitarism had values either below or around the lower limit of the normal range. Patients with primary testicular failure, involving both seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells, including those of the Klinefelter syndrome type, usually had a high gonadotrophin excretion. Patients with failure of the seminiferous tubules had values within the normal range only. In patients with gynaecomastia without evidence of testicular disease, gonadotrophin excretion was usually normal. The differentiation of abnormal levels, particularly at the lower limits, was not always clear-cut.

Spermatogenesis and testicular tumours in ageing dogs

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Peters ◽  
DG de Rooij ◽  
KJ Teerds ◽  
I van Der Gaag ◽  
FJ van Sluijs
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Score System ◽  
Testicular Tumours ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Testicular Disease ◽  
Sertoli Cell Tumours ◽  
Leydig Cell Tumours

Spermatogenesis was examined in testes from 74 dogs of various breeds without clinically detected testicular disease. A modified Johnsen score system was used to determine whether spermatogenesis deteriorates with ageing. The diameter of seminiferous tubules was measured in dogs without testicular disease to examine other possible effects of ageing on tubular performance. There appeared to be no relation between age and these variables. The influence of testicular tumours on spermatogenesis was also investigated in both affected and unaffected testes. The testes of 28 dogs with clinically palpable tumours and 21 dogs with clinically non-palpable tumours were investigated. In cases of unilateral occurrence of a tumour, impairment of spermatogenesis was observed only in the affected testis of dogs with clinically detected tumours. Bilateral occurrence of tumours, whether detected clinically or non-clinically, was associated with severe impairment of spermatogenesis. The prevalence of tumours increased during ageing. Eighty-six per cent of the clinically detected and 57% of the non-clinically detected tumours were found in old dogs. Multiple types of tumour and bilateral occurrence were very common. Seminomas and Leydig cell tumours were more frequent than Sertoli cell tumours. It was concluded that spermatogenesis per se did not decrease during ageing in dogs but the occurrence of testicular tumours increased with ageing and affected spermatogenesis significantly, as reflected by a lower Johnsen score.

scholarly journals Studies on the hypophysectomised ferret. II. - Spermatogenesis

1932 ◽  
Vol 112 (775) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Resulting Condition ◽  
Made In ◽  
Male Genital

Smith (1930) has shown that all parts of the reproductive tract of the male rat show pronounced atrophy after hypophysectomy. The testes are much reduced in size and are flabby. The seminiferous tubules show a corresponding diminution in size and all indications of spermatogenesis are absent. A more immediate effect of ablation of the pituitary gland is a complete loss of interest in the female. Richter and Wislocki (1930) also noted atrophy of the male genital organs of the rat after hypophysectomy, but in no great detail. Hypophysectomy has not yet been performed on a species in which the male shows a clear cut anœstrous period such as is found in the male ferret (Allanson, 1932). The present work was undertaken to find out if the testes of the ferret react to hypophysectomy in the same way as those of the rat, and to compare the resulting condition of the testes with that found during anœstrus. Further light on the activity of the pituitary body during anœstrus might thus be obtained. In addition, it was hoped to determine the rate of regression after hypophysectomy and to compare this with that found at the end of the breeding season. No attempt will be made in this or the following paper to deal with the general effects of hypophysectomy, but it may be mentioned that loss of body weight, if any, was slight during the time covered by these experiments.

scholarly journals Determining the lower limits of irrigation capacity use

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Gogic
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Cost Price ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Economic Justification ◽  
System Use ◽  
Lower Limits

The objective of the study was to determine the limits of economic justification for irrigation system capacity use. The first step was focused on determining the lower limit of capacity use by comparing the economic effects of irrigation with the costs of the irrigation system use. In addition, while determining these limits the need was stressed to consider the economic effects of irrigation by optimizing the production structure and the modes for limit determination under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions. Eventually, the empirically verified possibility stating that this limit may be determined by comparing the water processing prices with its cost price is given. The limit was found to be the point at which these two prices equalize.

Lower limit of available water for three plant species grown on a medium-textured soil in southwestern Saskatchewan

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
P. G. Jefferson ◽  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Water Contents

Numerous researchers estimate and report laboratory-determined lower limit of available water contents using −1.5 MPa water potentials. For medium-textured soils, laboratory-measured lower limits should be determined at potentials of at least −4 MPa, and possibly −10 MPa, when using pressure membrane procedures. However, because the lower limit of available water is dependent upon environmental, plant and soil factors, we agree with Ratliff et al. (1983) that field-measured lower limits are preferable to laboratory-measured lower limits. Field-measured lower limits of available water did not vary markedly between spring wheat, alfalfa and grass. Key words: Lower limit of available water, wheat, alfalfa, grass

P–056 To graft or not to graft? Intratesticular grafting of testicular tissue from Klinefelter boys to the mouse testis as possible novel in vivo model

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Willems ◽  
P Sesenhausen ◽  
I Gies ◽  
V Vloeberghs ◽  
J D Schepper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Testicular Biopsy ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fibrotic Process

Abstract Study question Can intratesticular transplanted testis tissue from Klinefelter boys to the mouse testis be used to study the mechanisms behind testicular fibrosis? Summary answer Grafting of testicular tissue from Klinefelter boys to the mouse testis is not a valuable new in vivo model to study Klinefelter-related testicular fibrosis. What is known already Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47, XXY) affects 1–2 in 1000 males. Most KS men suffer from azoospermia due to a loss of spermatogonial stem cells. Additionally, testicular fibrosis is detected from puberty onwards. However, mechanisms responsible for fibrosis and germ cell loss remain unknown. An optimal in vivo model to study the KS testicular fibrotic process is not available. This study aimed to evaluate a possible in vivo model to study KS-related testicular fibrosis. In addition, the effect of the mast cell blocker ketotifen, which showed positive effects on fertility in infertile non-KS patients, was evaluated in this graft model. Study design, size, duration First, the survival time of the KS graft was established, since it was the first time KS tissue was transplanted to the mouse testis. Testes were collected after two, four, six and eight weeks after which histological and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. Next, the effect of daily ketotifen injections on the fibrotic appearance of intratesticular grafted testicular tissue from KS and controls was evaluated. Participants/materials, setting, methods Testicular biopsy samples from pre- and peripubertal KS (n = 22) and age-matched control samples (n = 22) were transplanted to the testes of six weeks old Swiss Nu/Nu mice (n = 22). Prior to grafting, testicular tissue pieces were cultured in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for five days. Next, tissues were transplanted to the mouse testes. Testicular transplants were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In the second experiment, mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of ketotifen or saline. Main results and the role of chance Four weeks after transplantation, all KS grafts could still be retrieved. At a later timepoint, degeneration of the tissue could be detected. In the grafts, recovered four weeks after transplantation, about 30% of the tubules in peripubertal grafts showed a good integrity, while in the prepubertal tissue, 83% of the tubules were intact. A fibrotic score was assigned to each graft. No significant changes in fibrotic score was observed between testicular biopsies before or after transplantation. However, an increased (p < 0.01) fibrotic score was observed after in-vitro treatment with VEGF both in control and KS tissue. Based on recovery and tubule integrity grafts were recovered after four weeks in the second experiment. Treatment with ketotifen did not result in significant histological differences compared to non-treated grafts (KS and control tissue). The survival potential of grafts from KS testicular biopsies of pre- and peripubertal boys was patient- and age-dependent. After four weeks, most KS tissue starts to degenerate. In prepubertal tissue, seminiferous tubules were mostly intact, while tissue from adolescent boys was impaired. Interestingly, no loss of germ cells was observed after transplantation of the testicular tissue. Limitations, reasons for caution The availability of tissue from young KS patients is very scarce, leading to a low number of included patients (n = 8). Testicular tissue pieces from the same patient were included to evaluate the differences before and after transplantation. However, histological variability between testicular tissue biopsy pieces is well-known in KS patients. Wider implications of the findings Since testicular tissue from KS boys, transplanted to the mouse testes, already starts to degenerate after four weeks and the integrity is not optimal, we conclude that this is not a valuable model for future studies. In vitro models to study the KS-testicular fibrosis should be investigated. Trial registration number NA

Sensitive Homologous Radioimmunoassay for Human Parathyroid Hormone to Diagnose Hypoparathyroid Conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Zillikens ◽  
F P Armbruster ◽  
J Stern ◽  
H Schmidt-Gayk ◽  
F Raue
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Human Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Glycol Solution ◽  
Pth Level

A sensitive radioimmunoassay for human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) to diagnose hypoparathyroid conditions is described. The antiserum was raised in goats against extracted hPTH. Synthetic human PTH fragment (53–84) is used as a standard and 125I-Tyr52hPTH (53–84) as a tracer. After a two-step incubation (24 h+24 h) at 4°C, the bound and free fractions are separated by a mixture of second antibody and polyethylene glycol solution. The detection limit for hPTH (53–84) is 2 pmol/L hPTH (53–84) (2 mol/tube). The PTH level in 36 healthy subjects was 5–12 pmol/L. Of 14 patients with hypoparathyroidism 11 patients had PTH concentrations below normal, two patients had levels on the lower limit of the normal range (5 pmol/L). The concentration of one patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism was markedly elevated. This assay is suitable for detecting low PTH levels and for studying changes of PTH concentration within the normal range.

Selective filtering of light by coniferous forests and minimum light energy requirements for regeneration

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2163-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Atzet ◽  
R. H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Minimum Light ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Nm Range

Spectroradiometric analyses were made to examine the light-filtering capacity of coniferous forests and to establish the lower limits of light energy for growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl., and Pinns ponderosa Dougl. Light energy (400–750 nm) was recorded periodically on clear days in June and July at 48 points under four mixed conifer stands and segregated into four spectral bands (blue, 400–450; green, 500–550; red, 650–700; far-red, 700–750 nm). Minor changes in the proportion of light in one band to that in another occur throughout the day, but in general the 400- to 700-nm range appears rather uniformly absorbed by a coniferous forest canopy. Averaged for an entire day, only the far-red band showed a significant proportional increase under a coniferous canopy compared to unfiltered sunlight.The relation between the energy received in each of the spectral bands and the total recorded in the 400- to 700-nm range was linear. The sampled canopies transmitted up to 25% of full sunlight. Beneath the canopies, the ratio of blue to total energy (400–700 nm) was 0.1540. Green, red, and far-red had ratios of 0.1853, 0.1220, and 0.1207.Terminal growth of 34 seedlings was measured at the light-sampling points to provide a means of establishing lower limits of light energy for survival. The lower limit for Abies and Pseudotsuga was 1.85 langleys (ly) per day (400–700 nm). Pinus grew only where the light energy exceeded 36.8 ly/day.An interaction with moisture appears to influence the minimum requirements for light energy of a species. Where moisture was adequate throughout the growing season, the lower limit of light for Pseudotsuga seedling establishment was 1.85 ly/day; where moisture became limiting, the minimum light requirement increased to 6.64 ly/day.

scholarly journals THE EXISTENCE OF AN OLD QUASAR AT z=3.91 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR Λ(t) DEFLATIONARY COSMOLOGIES

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (07) ◽  
pp. 1321-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOÃO VITAL CUNHA ◽  
ROSE CLÍVIA SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Observational Constraints ◽  
Total Energy Density ◽  
Lower Limits

We investigate some observational constraints on decaying vacuum cosmologies based on the recently discovered old high redshift quasar APM 08279+5255. This object is located at z=3.91 and has an estimated age of 2–3 Gyr. The class of Λ(t) cosmologies is characterized by a positive β parameter smaller than unity which quantifies the ratio between the vacuum and the total energy density. Assuming the lower limit age (2 Gyr) and that the cold dark matter contributes with Ω M =0.2 we show that β is constrained to be ≥0.07 while for an age of 3 Gyr and Ω M =0.4 the β parameter must be greater than 0.32. Our analysis includes closed, flat and hyperbolic scenarios, and it strongly suggests that there is no age crisis for this kind of Λ(t) cosmologies. Lower limits to the redshift quasar formation are also briefly discussed to the flat case. For Ω M =0.4 we found that the redshift formation is constrained by zf≥8.0.

Hypocalcaemia following total thyroidectomy: early post-operative parathyroid hormone assay as a risk stratification and management tool

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Islam ◽  
T Al Maqbali ◽  
D Howe ◽  
J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Level ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Predictive Algorithm ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Assay ◽  
Hormone Assay

AbstractObjective:To develop a practical, efficient and predictive algorithm to manage potential or actual post-operative hypocalcaemia after complete thyroidectomy, using a single post-operative parathyroid hormone assay.Methods:This paper reports a prospective study of 59 patients who underwent total or completion thyroidectomy over a period of 24 months. Parathyroid hormone levels were checked post-operatively on the day of surgery, and all patients were evaluated for hypocalcaemia both clinically and biochemically with serial corrected calcium measurements.Results:No patient with an early post-operative parathyroid hormone level of 23 ng/l or more (i.e. approximately twice the lower limit of the normal range) developed hypocalcaemia. All the patients who initially had post-operative hypocalcaemia but had an early parathyroid hormone level of 8 ng/l or more (i.e. approximately two-thirds of the lower limit of the normal range) had complete resolution of their hypocalcaemia within three months.Conclusion:Early post-operative parathyroid hormone measurement can reliably predict patients at risk of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia, and predict those patients expected to recover from temporary hypocalcaemia. A suggested post-operative management algorithm is presented.

scholarly journals Diet-Responsive Hypercholesterolemia With Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome Type 3

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A308-A308
Author(s):  
Nivedita Patni ◽  
Abhimanyu Garg ◽  
Chao Xing
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Syndrome Type ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome ◽  
Type 3

Abstract Background: Molecular basis of diet responsive hypercholesterolemia remains unclear. We report diet-responsive severe hypercholesterolemia in a young female with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome type 3 (CFC3) due to a heterozygous pathogenic MAP2K1 variant, suggesting a role of common MAPK variants in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) response to diet. Clinical case: A 3-year-old Caucasian female with CFC3 (macrocephaly, frontal bossing, wide nasal root with depressed bridge, anteverted nares, low set fleshy ears, congenital pulmonic valve stenosis, postnatal growth deficiency, hypotonia, and neurocognitive impairment) due to a de novo heterozygous c.389A>G, p.Tyr130Cys pathogenic variant in MAP2K1, presented with extremely elevated serum total cholesterol of 446 mg/dL, triglycerides of 239 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol of 53 mg/dL, LDL-C of 335 mg/dL (normal range < 110 mg/dL) and serum apolipoprotein B level 219 mg/dL (normal range < 90 mg/dL). Her LDL-C was 252 mg/dL a year ago and 215 mg/dL one month prior to presentation. Reducing total dietary fat to 20–25% of total energy and saturated fat to <6% of total energy over the next 4 months lowered LDL-C to 104 mg/dL. However, her weight decreased by 0.5 kg and liberalization of fat intake again increased LDL-C to 222 mg/dL. Her father has mildly elevated LDL-C of 160 mg/dL and her mother had normal LDL-C of 80 mg/dL. Her plasma phytosterol levels were normal and she had ApoE3/E3 genotype. Targeted genetic testing of the patient and parents showed a benign heterozygous LDL receptor (LDLR) variant c.2242G>A; p.Asp748Asn, (Minor allele frequency 0.00008) in the patient and her father. Whole exome sequencing of the patient and both parents showed no known disease-causing variants in LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, APOE, STAP1, LIPA, ABCG5, ABCG8 and other known hyperlipidemia-related genes. There are no previous reports of hypercholesterolemia in patients with CFC3. MAP2K1 stimulates various MAP kinases upon wide variety of extra- and intracellular signal and is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. Previous studies of the relationship between p42/44MAPK activation and LDLR expression in human hepatoma HepG2-derived cell line showed that that activation of the Raf-1/MEK/p42/44MAPK cascade induces LDLR expression and modulation of the Raf-1 kinase signal strength can determine LDLR expression levels. Thus, extent of MAPK activation can alter signaling of LDLR, resulting in hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion: Our case report suggests that MAP2K1 may play a significant role in LDLR signaling, and some MAP2K1 variants may be associated with diet-responsive hypercholesterolemia. Larger studies are required to assess dietary response to LDL-C in subjects with MAP2K1 variants.

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