Glucose homeostasis with infinite gain: further lessons from the Daisyworld parable?

1997 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Koeslag ◽  
P T Saunders ◽  
J A Wessels
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin

Abstract A major unresolved physiological problem is how the rate of hepatic glucose production is increased to match the increased rate of glucose utilization during exercise without a change in arterial blood glucose level. A homeostat with such capabilities is said to have infinite gain. Daisyworld is an imaginary planet orbiting a variable star. The only life is black and white daisies. Black daisies retain heat, slightly warming the planet; white daisies cool it. When the two types of daisies grow best at slightly different temperatures, variations in solar luminosity (over a wide range) cause the ratio of white:black daisies to vary in a manner that keeps the planetary temperature constant. This model therefore achieves infinite gain by having two opposing but interdependent controllers. Here we suggest that the pancreatic islet α- and β-cells might act as black and white daisies. For the analogy to apply, glucagon and insulin must not only have opposing effects on the blood sugar concentration, but the secretion of the one has, at some quantum level, to be at the expense of the other. Electrical coupling between heterocellular groups of α- and β-cells within the pancreatic islets suggests that this might indeed be the case. α-Cell activity must, furthermore, promote secretory activity in other α-cells; similarly with β-cells. This is probably mediated via pancreastatin and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) which are paracrinically co-secreted with glucagon and insulin, respectively. α-Cell activity spreads (at the expense of β-cell activity) when the blood glucose level is below set point, while β-cell activity progressively replaces α-cell activity above set point. At set point changes in the ratio of α:β-cell activity are inhibited. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 154, 187–192

scholarly journals Effect of Sago Analog Rice and Red Bean Diet to β Cells Pancreas Refinement in STZ-NA Induced Diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 667-673
Author(s):  
Sri Budi Wahjuningsih ◽  
Haslina Haslina ◽  
Agus Tri Putranto ◽  
Mita Nurul Azkia
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cell ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Red Bean

The study aims to determine the effect of sago analogue rice and red beans in diabetic rats to repair pancreatic β-cells. Thirty-five males Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: normal group diet (STD), the diabetic group (STDD) with a standard feed diet, the diabetic group with mentik wangi rice (MWRD), the diabetic group with sago analogue rice (SARD) and the diabetic group with sago analogue rice with the addition of 10% red bean flour (SARKBD). All groups were analysed for dietary interventions, blood glucose level, insulin level for HOMA-β and HOMA S indices and measurement of insulin level by using IHC analysis. In addition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) analysis was performed in the caecum. This study showed that decreasing blood glucose level shown in SARD and RASKBD groups. The pancreatic β-cell number indicated an increase in the SARD group compares to the STDD group. The pool total of SCFA in SARD group was the highest among of all groups, as well as the acetate, propionate and butyrate pools. These results indicate that the sago analogue rice diet could repair and increase the expression of pancreatic β-cell through absorption inhibition mechanisms and by increasing insulin sensitivity and the SCFA level.

scholarly journals PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES ON DIABETES MELLITUS USING PARTIAL PANCREATECTOMY IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Shibu Narayan Jana ◽  
Papiya Mitra Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Partial Pancreatectomy ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Diabetes Status

Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of partial pancreatectomy in a murine model for diabetes.Methods: Diabetes model was successfully developed by partial pancreatectomy method. In this study, cyclosporine was used for influenced the glycaemic status. Diabetes status was evaluated by fasting blood glucose level (FBG), lipid profile (by estimation of total cholesterol level and HDL-level), serum amylase and biochemical assay like glutathione estimation.Results: We report here the restoration of euglycaemic status in cyclosporine-induced diabetic in swiss albino mice after 30% pancreatectomy. In this study, Pancreatectomised (partial) group of animals showed a rapid elevation of glycaemic status, starting from 15th post observational d, but the level of significance decreased gradually from 15th (P<0.01) to 60th (P<0.05) d. This was probably due to nesidioblastotic activity which shifted the fasting blood glucose level towards normoglycaemic status with β-cells regeneration. Cyclosporine treated a group of mice showed normoglycaemic status throughout the whole experimental period, but the cholesterol level remained significant (P<0.001) till the end of the experimental d. Gradually decrements in glycaemia of the diabetic pancreatectomised animals demonstrate islets neogenesis occurring after the operative activity, leading to normoglycaemic condition, probably attributed to β-cells proliferation.Conclusion: The biochemical and histopathological evaluations suggest that there is the development of the diabetic model in the pancreatectomized group and diabetes status induced by pancreatectomy is curable to a certain extent due to the regeneration of β-cells.

scholarly journals Insulin-Loaded Barium Salt Particles Facilitate Oral Delivery of Insulin in Diabetic Rats

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 710
Author(s):  
Rahela Zaman ◽  
Md. Emranul Karim ◽  
Iekhsan Othman ◽  
Anuar Zaini ◽  
Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Insulin Aspart ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ft Ir

Oral delivery is considered as the most preferred and yet most challenging mode of drug administration; especially a fragile and sensitive peptide like insulin that shows extremely low bioavailability through the gastro-intestinal (GIT) route. To address this problem, we have designed a novel drug delivery system (DDS) using precipitation-induced Barium (Ba) salt particles. The DDS can load insulin molecules and transport them through the GIT route. There were several in vitro simulation tests carried out to prove the efficiency of Ba salt particles as oral delivery candidates. All three Ba salt particles (BaSO4, BaSO3, and BaCO3) showed very good loading of insulin (>70% in all formulations) and a degree of resistance throughout a wide range of pHs from basic to acidic conditions when assessed by spectrophotometry. Particles and insulin-associated particles were morphologically assessed and characterized using FE-SEM and FT-IR. A set of tests were designed and carried out with mucin to predict whether the particles are potentially capable of overcoming one of the barriers for crossing intestinal epithelium. The mucin binding experiment demonstrated 60–100% of mucin adhesion to the three different particles. FT-IR identifies the characteristic peaks for mucin protein, particles, and particle-mucin complex re-confirming mucin adhesion to the particles. Finally, the effectiveness of nano-insulin was tested on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. A short acting human insulin analog, insulin aspart, was loaded into Ba salt particles at a dose of 100 IU/Kg prior to oral administration. Among the three formulations, insulin aspart-loaded BaSO4 and BaCO3 particles dramatically reduced the existing hyperglycemia. BaSO4 with loaded Insulin showed an onset of glucose-lowering action within 1 hr, with blood glucose level measured significantly lower compared to the 2nd and 3rd h (p < 0.05). Insulin-loaded BaCO3 particles showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level at 1–2 h, although the glucose level started to show a slight rise at 3rd h and by 4th h, it was back to baseline level. However, although BaSO3 particles with loaded insulin showed a trend of reduction in blood glucose level, the reduction was not found to be significant (p < 0.05) at any point in time. Therefore, oral formulations of insulin/BaSO4 and insulin/BaCO3 particles were observed as effective as native insulin aspart subcutaneous formulation in terms of onset and duration of action. Further investigation will be needed to reveal bioavailability and mechanism of action of this novel Nano-Insulin formulations.

A marine algal polyphenol, dieckol, attenuates blood glucose levels by Akt pathway in alloxan induced hyperglycemia zebrafish model

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (82) ◽  
pp. 78570-78575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-A Kim ◽  
Seung-Hong Lee ◽  
Ji-Hyeok Lee ◽  
Nalae Kang ◽  
Jae-Young Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Ecklonia Cava ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Marine Algal

The effect of the administering of DK (dieckol) isolated from Ecklonia cava on the blood glucose level in hyperglycemia zebrafish. Thus, hyperglycemia zebrafish could be efficiently used to evaluate a wide range of anti-diabetic activities.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of the Blood Glucose Regulation System in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Karpel’ev ◽  
Yu. I. Filippov ◽  
Yu. V. Tarasov ◽  
M. D. Boyarsky ◽  
A. Yu. Mayorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Insulin Pump ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Metabolism Regulation ◽  
Wide Range

Interest in the mathematical modeling of the carbohydrate metabolism regulation system increases in recent years. This is associated with a «closed loop» insulin pump development (it controls an insulin infusion depending on the blood glucose level). To create an algorithm for the automatic control of insulin (and other hormones) infusion using an insulin pump it is necessary to accurately predict glycaemia level. So, the primary objective of mathematical modeling is to predict the blood glucose level changes, caused by the wide range of external factors. This review discusses the main mathematical models of blood glucose level control physiological system (simplified insulin–glucose system). The two major classes of models — empirical and theoretical — are described in detail. The ideal mathematical model of carbohydrate metabolism regulatory system is absent. However, the success in the field of blood glucose level control modeling and simulating is essential for the further development of diabetes prevention and treatment technologies, and creating an artificial pancreas in particular.

scholarly journals The Effects of Glucagon and Insulin Combination toward on Neurodegeneration Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 982-987
Author(s):  
Akhmad Imron ◽  
Bethy Hernowo ◽  
Dany Hilmanto ◽  
Kahdar Wiriadisastra ◽  
Yulius Hermanto
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in the productive age. Glutamate excitotoxicity and hyperglycemia those occur following TBI are among the factors those influence secondary brain injury. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of glucagon and insulin combination on neuronal necrosis following TBI. METHODS: A total of 28 male wistar rats were randomized into four experimental groups: placebo, insulin, glucagon, and combination of glucagon and insulin. Each animal underwent controlled cortical impact model of TBI. The blood glucose and glutamate levels were measured before and 4 h following TBI. The brain tissues were collected to evaluate neuronal necrosis. RESULTS: Glucagon or glucagon and insulin combination were able to prevent the increased of blood glutamate levels following TBI (p < 0.05). Glucagon administration was associated high blood glucose level (198.10 ± 32.58 mg/dL); a combination with insulin was able to minimize the increased of blood glucose level (166.53 ± 18.48 mg/dL). Combination of glucagon and insulin had a lower number of neuronal necrosis compare to the other groups (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The combination of glucagon and insulin potentially exhibit neuroprotection effect on rats following TBI as being demonstrated by lower number of neuronal necrosis. This finding further indicates the role of glucose homeostasis in neuroprotection.

scholarly journals An Association between COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Aaditi Bansod ◽  
Ashish Anjankar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Extreme Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fungicidal Treatment ◽  
Hypoglycaemic Agent ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
To Come

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses accountable for initiating severe acute respiratory syndrome  (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Common Cold, etc. Studies have found a certainly available development severity about covid epidemic over rising in blood glucose level sufferers. There is the effect of functioning dextrose equilibrium, rawness, change-resistant level together with a start regarding this peptide-aldosterone method (RAAS) caused by possible infective connection in the middle of  SARS-CoV-2 along with insulin-dependent diabetes. Your chance regarding come to have extremely unwell against SARS-CoV-2 live probable via occurring minor whether you all are blood glucose level crop up controlled. Experience coronary illness either more difficulty over inclusion on rising in blood glucose level would intensify this likeliness on obtaining solemnly sick by SARS-CoV-2, similar to another fervid contamination, on account of additional compared to only situation build that solid as you all are physique directed toward opposing this contamination. Growing contamination would too expand swelling, either inner bump, rising humans accompanied by a rise in blood glucose level, above-target blood sugars can also be the cause of that, and more severe complications can happen due to that inflammation. Instead of the other side, recently developed rise in glucose blood level and extreme catabolic difficulties regarding the previous rise in blood glucose level, as well as ketoacidosis diabetic including non-ketotic hyperglycemia considering whichever unusually excessive shots regarding hypoglycaemic agent come about validate, turned out to be seen within sufferer of SARS-CoV-2. In Hindustan throughout this, another upsurge regarding this SARS-CoV-2, seeing that unparalleled gush over patient regarding black fungus took place were seen: resistance down-regulation give rise to Covid-19 along with this utilization regarding effective against a wide range of organisms along with glucocorticoids-specific convalescent which is a dully restrained rise in blood glucose level along the ketoacidosis—are to be expected be obliged to come up with up to mutiny. SARS-CoV-2 comes behind alongside black fungus shore extreme risk bloodshed rate along with opportune observation, fungicidal treatment, cruel incision, the usually surgical removal of lacerated left important element of this operation.

scholarly journals Excitatory Impact of Dental Occlusion on Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Minghong Shi ◽  
Haotian Ren ◽  
Mianjiao Xie ◽  
Chunkui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin

Neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) have axons that branch peripherally to innervate the orofacial region and project centrally to several motor nuclei in brainstem. The dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMV) resides in the brainstem and takes a role in visceral motor function such as pancreatic exocrine secretion. The present study aimed to demonstrate the presence of Vme–DMV circuit, activation of which would elicit a trigeminal neuroendocrine response. A masticatory dysfunctional animal model termed unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model created by disturbing the dental occlusion was used. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the inferior alveolar nerve of rats to help identify the central axon terminals of Vme neurons around the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive motor neurons in the DMV. The level of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) expressed in DMV, the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expressed in pancreas, the level of glucagon and insulin expression in islets and serum, and the blood glucose level were detected and compared between UAC and the age matched sham-operation control mice. Data indicated that compared with the controls, there were more CTb/VGLUT1 double labeled axon endings around the ChAT positive neurons in the DMV of UAC groups. Mice in UAC group expressed a higher VGLUT1 protein level in DMV, AChE protein level in pancreas, glucagon and insulin level in islet and serum, and higher postprandial blood glucose level, but lower fasting blood glucose level. All these were reversed at 15-weeks when UAC cessation was performed from 11-weeks (all, P &lt; 0.05). Our findings demonstrated Vme–DMV circuit via which the aberrant occlusion elicited a trigeminal neuroendocrine response such as alteration in the postprandial blood glucose level. Dental occlusion is proposed as a potential therapeutic target for reversing the increased postprandial glucose level.

scholarly journals Methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia protects alloxan-induced hepatopathy through modulation of caspase-9 and interleukin-1β signaling pathways in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1528-1535
Author(s):  
Sunday Oluwaseun Ofuegbe ◽  
Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi ◽  
Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale ◽  
Aduragbenro Deborah Adedapo ◽  
Abiodun Emmanuel Ayodele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
Wide Range

Background and Aim: Momordica charantia is a highly valued plant, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. The plant is reported to have a wide range of medicinal uses. This study was designed to explore the ameliorative potential of M. charantia methanol leaf extract in alloxan-induced diabetic animal model with a particular focus on the liver. Materials and Methods: Hepatoprotective effect of methanol leaf extract of M. charantia was assessed in alloxan-induced toxicity in 50 rats divided into five groups (A-E) (n=10). Group A normal control, Group B was toxicant group, and Group C animals received glibenclamide treatment while Groups D and E received extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Histopathological changes, blood glucose level, and serum enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, oxidative status and caspase-9, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were evaluated. Results: Extract-treatment caused a decreased blood glucose level, markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Treatment of rats with leaf extract of M. charantia resulted in increased levels and activities of protein thiols, non-protein thiols, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase indicating its antioxidant potential. The liver section revealed mild distortion of the hepatic architecture compared to the toxicant group, while decreased expressions of caspase-9 and IL-1β in extract-treated groups was observed. Conclusion: The plant extract exhibited antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, thus showing its hepatoprotective property.

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