scholarly journals Influence of morphometric parameters of relief on macro- and microstructure of wood Pinus silvestris L. in the North of the Russian plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Nikolay Neverov ◽  
Vladimir Belyaev ◽  
Zinaida Chistova ◽  
Yuri Kutinov ◽  
Vadim Staritsyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Russian Plain ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
High Degree

Pine grows in a variety of environmental conditions which form several of technical properties of wood. The purpose of this study is an analysis of the morphology and the structure (i.e., the annual ring width, the latewood content, the tracheid wall thickness of the early- and latewood) of pine wood growing in areas with different relief and soil condition. The annual ring width and the latewood content don’t have a pronounced dependence on the relief. The tracheid wall thickness of early wood has a high degree of correlation with aspect, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and diurnal anisotropic heating – DAH (r = –0.81 to –0.88). The tracheid wall thickness latewood is highly correlated with topographic wetness index and profile curvature (r = 0.88). The relief parameters PAR and DAH, which characterize the distribution of insolation, have a high degree of correlation with the tracheid wall thickness of early wood. In the conditions of the middle taiga subzone the flat relief influences the microstructure of pine wood due to redistribution of heat and moisture.

scholarly journals DEPENDENCE OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS WOOD STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ON GROWTH ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Kaspars Šķēle ◽  
Dace Cīrule ◽  
Anda Alksne ◽  
Jurijs Hrols
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Earlywood Width ◽  
Parameter Values

The paper considers the variation o f annual ring parameters and physical properties of wood of the pine species prevailing in Latvia’s forests, depending on the forest type (bog-land, vacciniosa) and the growth region in Latvia (Vidzeme, Latgale). Wood samples were taken from the stem butt-end, the middle and 3 A o f the height, in its sapwood or core part. An average annual ring width, latewood and earlywood width in the year ring, the percentage of latewood in the annual ring, wood density in oven-dry state (0), tangential swelling (tg) and radial swelling (rad) o f wood, as well as volume swelling (v) and swelling anisotropy coefficient (k) o f wood were determined for the samples. A comparison of these data shows that, in the majority of cases, the indices for the wood of pines grown in vacciniose have higher values, which suggests the advantage of pine wood over the bog-land pine wood. In its turn, no unambiguous distinctions between the parameter values for pine wood o f Latgale and Vidzeme origin were found, although the pine wood of Vidzeme origin had a somewhat higher indices. It may be concluded that the greatest impact on the leading pine wood properties is caused by the forest types regarded herewith, and not the belonging o f the pine wood site to its different growth regions in Latvia.

scholarly journals Effects of geo-ecological conditions on larch wood variations in the North European part of Russia (Arkhangelsk region)

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Neverov Nikolay A ◽  
Belyaev Vladimir V ◽  
Chistova Zinaida B ◽  
Kutinov Yuri G ◽  
Staritsyn Vadim V ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
European Part ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Larch Wood ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
European Part Of Russia

The present study examines the macrostructure and density of larch wood and possible influences on the productivity of larch stands. The studies were conducted in the middle and sub-tundra taiga in the Arkhangelsk region. The selected trees were of the same age and diameter at breast height. In all sample plots the average annual ring width varied from 0.68 to 0.93 mm, the average content of latewood was about 29.7–35.1% and the average wood density of these old Siberian larch trees was 572 (500–698) kg·m<sup>–3</sup>. There were no significant differences between sample plots in terms of the latewood content, density and annual ring width of the growth rings. Wood macrostructure of larch wood has the same values in forests growing in the sub-tundra and middle taiga. A possible explanation for this is the location of these stands in the karst landscape, which possesses abundant mineral nutrition. Geological factors are surpassing the influence of climatic factors and contribute to the formation of productive larch stands in the sub-tundra taiga in the European part of Russia.

Cost of reproduction in Douglas-fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1429-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Hugh J. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone

The balance between allocating energy resources to reproduction or growth has considerable theoretical interest. Conflicting ecological requirements and evolutionary pressures often necessitate a trade-off in energy allocation. We obtained measurements on seed-cone production and annual ring width of 365 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees from 29 open-pollinated families for 8 years. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were computed for seed-cone production and ring width for each year. Five of the eight environmental correlations were negative (range −0.077 to −0.305), reflecting the reality of the trade-off in physiological terms. Six of the eight genetic correlations were negative (range −0.199 to −0.776), indicating that a trade-off exists at the genetic level between energy allocation to reproduction and to somatic growth. These findings agree with the current theory of life-history evolution. Key words: Pseudotsuga menziesii, cone production, annual ring width, genetic correlation.

Effect of Thinning on the Wood Structure in Annual Growth Rings of Japanese Larch (Larix Leptolepis)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Koga ◽  
Kazuyuki Oda ◽  
Juichi Tsutsumi ◽  
Takaaki Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Average Wall Thickness

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of thinning on the annual ring structure and the cross-sectional dimensions of tracheids in plantation-grown Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis). Annual ring width, earlywood width and latewood width increased significantly after thinning. The width of the band of nonflat latewood tracheids in the annual ring increased more than that of flat latewood tracheids. Thinning did not significantly affect latewood percentage. The average radial diameter of both earlywood and latewood tracheids increased after thinning. After thinning, average wall thickness of earlywood tracheids increased, while that of latewood tracheids decreased. Cell wall percentage in earlywood was not influenced significantly by thinning, but latewood cell wall percentage decreased. The changes of the average radial tracheid diameter, the average wall thickness of tracheids and cell wall percentage from earlywood to latewood within a growth ring became more gradual after thinning. However, thinning did not affect significantly the cell wall percentage of the whole growth ring. This study suggests that thinning has little effect on wood density of the whole growth ring in Japanese larch.

scholarly journals Pointer years in the growth of beech trees of the NP "Djerdap" area

2014 ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Branko Stajic
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Pointer Years ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

This paper defines pointer years and years with distinctive tree rings in the growth of beech in 3 sites (ecological units-EU) of the area of Djerdap, in order to observe the reactions of trees to the effects of various factors of growth. The pointer years were determined by the Schweingruber (1983) methodology. The years with distintive tree rings were defined as the years of beech growth with very pronounced distinctive growth rings (annual ring width at least ? 2 standard deviations higher or lower than the arithmetic mean) and pronounced typical growth rings (annual ring width at least ? 1.5 standard deviation higher or lower than the arithmetic mean). The common pointer years for the growth of beech in the site conditions of all three ecological units are 1977 and 1988 (negative pointer years). A particular pointer year is 1988, when in more than 90% of trees under the analyzed environmental conditions the marked reduction of tree rings width of the trees (EUB) or very pronounced reduction in the width of tree rings (EUA and ESV) were observed.

scholarly journals Automatic detection of pith location along norway spruce timber boards on the basis of optical scanning

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadios Habite ◽  
Anders Olsson ◽  
Jan Oscarsson
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Thickness Direction ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Sawn Timber ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Knowledge of annual ring width and location of pith in relation to board cross-sections, and how these properties vary in the longitudinal direction of boards, is relevant for many purposes, such as assessment of shape mechanical properties and stability of sawn timber. Hence, the present research aims at developing a novel method and an algorithm, based on data obtained from optical surface scanning, by which the pith location along the length of sawn timber boards can be determined accurately and automatically. The first step of the method is to identify clear wood sections, free of defects along boards. Then time-frequency analysis, using the continuous wavelet transform, is applied to detect the surface annual ring width distribution of the four sides of the selected sections. Finally, the pith location is estimated by comparing annual ring width distributions on the different surfaces, and assuming that annual rings are concentric circles with the pith in the centre. The proposed algorithm was applied to a total sample of 104 Norway spruce boards. Results indicate that optical scanners and the suggested automatic method allow for accurate detection of annual ring width and location of pith along boards. For a sample of boards with the pith located within the cross-section, a mean error of 2.6 mm and 3.2  mm in the depth and thickness direction, respectively, was obtained. For a sample of boards of which 60% with pith located outside the cross-section, a mean discrepancy between automatically and manually determined pith locations of 3.9 mm and 5.8 mm in depth and thickness direction, respectively, was obtained.

scholarly journals Examining Naturogenic Processes and Anthropogenic Influences on Tree Growth and Development via Stem Analysis: Data Processing and Computational Analytics

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1058
Author(s):  
Peter F. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Data Structures ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Solid Of Revolution

The objective of this study was to develop a stem analysis data processing and computational algorithm and associated software suite that was (1) applicable to temperate and boreal forest tree species, (2) mathematically consistent with excurrent tree stem geometric and allometric principles, (3) compatible with data structures obtained using proprietary and non-proprietary imaging systems, and (4) executable on Windows®-based operating systems. Computationally, the suite denoted SAP (Stem Analysis Program), deployed sectional-specific formulae that were in accord with the following geometric assumptions: (1) stump section was treated as a solid of revolution resembling a cylinder; (2) sections between the stump and the tip were treated as a solid of revolution resembling a frustum of a cone for sections with continuous annual increments, otherwise treated as a cone; and (3) tip section was treated as a solid of revolution resembling a cone. The algorithm also corrected for the slant-based sectional length measurements using Pythagorean Theorem and eliminated the requirement to predict age-specific apex height development through the use of a linear interpolation procedure. Based on input data structures consisting of annual ring-width xylem sequences measured from cross-sectional disk samples acquired at multiple positions along the tree’s main stem, the suite produces a broad array of output, inclusive of radial and longitudinal ring-width sequences, apical growth increments, annual and cumulative sectional and cumulative volume production patterns, and historically reconstructed stem taper profiles. In total, the SAP creates six output data files for each tree analyzed: (1) input data reference summary (e.g., geometric mean ring-widths and resultant radii for each cross-section); (2) radial growth patterns for the cross-section sampled at breast-height (e.g., absolute and relative diameter and basal area growth estimates); (3) sectional (vertical) profiles of volume growth patterns (e.g., absolute and relative growth estimates within each section (bolt)); (4) cumulative volume growth patterns for the entire tree; (5) historical taper profile estimates (e.g., heights and diameters by year); and (6) texturally-labeled compendium of all output files generated. Additionally, real-time graphical output was produced for the purposes of data assessment and verification during the radial sequence data acquisition stage (e.g., graphical presentation of annual ring-width sequences by radii and disk, for use in validating input data structures and increment measurements derived from the imaging system), and interpreting growth and development patterns (e.g., vertical growth layer and specific volume increment profiles by age or year). The utility of the SAP suite was exemplified by processing WindendroTM-based annual ring-width xylem sequences obtained from cross-sectional disks extracted from a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) tree via percent-height destructive stem analysis, and subsequently elucidating growth and developmental patterns within the context of silviculture treatment effects (thinning). The SAP suite provides the conceptual and logistical foundation for the continued deployment of the stem analysis approach in a wide range of investigations, including those examining the effect of naturogenic processes and anthropogenic influences on tree growth and development.

Rays in Juvenile Wood of Acer

IAWA Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-417
Author(s):  
J.E. Dakak ◽  
R. Keller ◽  
V. Bucur
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Simple Regression ◽  
Number Of Cells

Juvenile wood characteristics of multiseriate and uniseriate rays of five species of the genus Acer were studied on young trees from France and Canada. Ray height, width, number in width of cells and proportion/mm2 were determined for the earlywood. Variance analysis was used to discriminate the variability of the characteristics of rays. Simple regression analysis shows some strong correlations between the characteristics of multiseriate and uniseriate rays of each species. Except for A. saccharinum, no relationships were established between the ray characteristics and the specific gravity. Except for A. pseudoplatanus, no relationships were established between annual ring width and ray characteristics. Principal component analysis focused separatelyon multiseriate rays and on uniseriate rays revealed differences between A. saccharum and A. saccharinum (e.g., the proportion and the number of cells in multiseriate rays).

scholarly journals Stem form, volume and dry matter production in a twelve-year-old circular Nelder plantation of Populus trichocarpa × deltoides 'Beaupré'

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 730-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Steenackers ◽  
V. Steenackers ◽  
J. Van Acker ◽  
M. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Matter Production

"Model-trees", selected on annual circumference measurements, were sampled at twelve planting distances, with potential growing areas ranging between 9.10 m2 and 72.00 m2.Every tree, up to a top circumference of 30 cm was divided into sections with a length of ± 45 cm. All sections were weighed (fresh and ovendry) and measured. Annual ring width, bark width and heartwood were measured from N to S on every cross section.Results are given for circumference at breast height, timber height, taper, volume and dry matter production per tree or per hectare, at age 12, up to different top circumferences.

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