A THREE-STEP VIEW FOR THE HISTORY OF GEOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-402
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRO IANNACE
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Geology ◽  
New Community ◽  
Epistemological Basis

ABSTRACT The evolution of geology as an independent science can be envisaged as a relatively continuous process yet marked by three fundamental steps. These represented singularities which established significant advances in the epistemological and heuristic power of the discipline. This interpretation of history has to be strictly based on an evaluation of the epistemological basis of geology according to modern scholarship. The recognition of these ‘golden spikes’, albeit artificial, may help geologists to better grasp the philosophical position of geology with respect to other sciences. The first step was the publication of Steno's Prodromus in 1669, which established the methodological rules for decoding a geologic history from the geometrical arrangements of beds. The second step was the founding of the Geological Society of London in 1807, an act by which a new community recognized itself as a scientific and professional entity applying a novel methodology in the study of Earth. Their approach represented a synthesis of the Wernerian-historical and the Huttonian-causal methods. The third step was the emergence of plate tectonics in 1967, when the actualistic method (i.e. uniformity of laws and processes) could be extended to the interpretation of the whole lithosphere. At the same time, the heuristic power of historical geology was validated by independent, physico-mathematical testing.

Users behaviors: The Heritage of Digital World

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 4675-4682
Author(s):  
Atefeh Danesh Moghadam ◽  
Alireza Alagha
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
The Third ◽  
Digital World ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Emerging Patterns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fourth Step ◽  
Communication And Technology

In the advent of information era, not only digital world is going to expand its territories, it is going to penetrate into the traditional notions about the meaning of the words and also valorize new concepts. According to Oxford Dictionary, the word heritage is defined: The history, tradition and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character. In order to present how emerging patterns, as the consequences of technology development, are going to be considered as the new concept of heritage, we follow four steps. In the first step, we present the convergence of Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) and a concise history of its convergence. In the second step, we argue how convergence has culminated in emerging patterns and also has made changes in digital world. In the third step, the importance of users behaviors and its mining is surveyed. Finally, in the fourth step; we illustrate User Generated Contents (UGC) as the most prominent users behaviors in digital world.

Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör: A geologist who unravels the histories of continents and oceans

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. v-viii
Author(s):  
Ali Polat ◽  
John F. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rocky Planets

This second issue of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences special issue dedicated to Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör for his outstanding contributions to plate tectonics and history of geology includes 11 research articles. These articles have diverse subject matters dealing with tectonic processes in California, Africa, Asia, Iceland, Europe, Canada, and rocky planets. The summaries and main conclusions of these articles are presented here.

Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör: A geologist who unravels the histories of continents and oceans

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. v-viii
Author(s):  
Ali Polat
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Orogenic Belt ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Himalayan Orogenic Belt ◽  
Orogenic Belts

This special issue is dedicated to Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör for his outstanding contributions to plate tectonics and history of geology. His studies have unraveled several mysteries on the origin and deformation of continents and formation of orogenic belts in many parts of the world. We received 22 articles for the special issue, 11 of which are published in this issue. The rest of the articles will be published in the next issue. The articles in this issue mainly focus on geological processes in the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt and on the history of the theory of plate tectonics.

Charles Lyell and G. B. Brocchi: A Study in Comparative Historiography

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principles Of Geology

In the second volume of the Principles of geology Lyell had occasion to speak of G. B. Brocchi, ‘whose untimely death in Egypt’, he said, ‘is deplored by all who have the progress of geology at heart’. Whatever he understood to be the debt of other geologists to that Italian fossil conchologist, Lyell himself owed him much for providing scientific data and interpretations integrated in his own geological synthesis, but especially for furnishing the escutcheon of the third chapter in the review of the history of geology which Lyell appended as a late but enthusiastic embellishment to the Principles of geology. The ‘Discorso sui progressi dello studio della conchiologia fossile in Italia’, an eighty-page essay on the history of his subject, was contained in the first volume of Brocchi's Conchiologia fossile subappennina and afforded Lyell succinct notices on Italian geologists from the sixteenth century to his own time, as well as cues for the introduction of other non-Italian sources.

GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF LAKE VAN (TURKEY) FOR URANIUM-THORIUM DEPOSITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Abdullah Mete Özgüner
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Uranium Content ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Layered Clays ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Analyses ◽  
Porous Sediments

Purpose of this study is to prove most probable existence of economical U-Th mineralisations within Tatvan Basin which have been hidden among foreign international research project manuscripts of Lake Van and to inform the importance of national exploration studies. Lake Van is a pull-apart basin formed within Quaternary Muş-Zagros suture zone with right lateral movement. Calculations on heat transfer below the Tatvan Basin indicate that a constant heat flow is about fourty times the continental average which have been only reported from some oceanic ridges. Data indicate the heat source below Tatvan Basin bottom represents a steadily collapsing cauldron subsidence of Nemrut volcano’s magma chamber. Lake Van surface water has mean 76ppb dissolved uranium content of hyrothermal and authigenic origin. It is calculated that there is at least 50.000 tons of dissolved uranium exists in the Lake Van waters. Ultimate deposition of U-Th mineralisation within euxinic Tatvan Basin have been expected to be a continuous process during geologic history of Lake Van as long as uranium resources remain and its NaHCO3 water functions as dissolving agent Sodic Lake Van waters continuously dissolve uranium from 1) high 3He/4He and U-Th containing hydrothermal fluxes of mantle origin coming up through cauldron subsidence faults of Tatvan Basin, 2) per-alkaline rhyolitic volcanic ash rain of Nemrut volcanism, 3) Bitlis granitoid Massive basement, 4) repeated authigenic disentegrations of U to (Th and 4He) within the sedimentary deposites of Tatvan Basin through its 600.000 years history. Tatvan Basin is the deepest basin with 450m depth, 300km2 flat area and constant unoxic basal water table undisturbed by currents and has the following verifications for Quaternary U-Th depositions in the unconsolidated porous sediments: 1) organic mass rich levels with reducing microbial activities, 2) evaporitic dolomites deposited during low stand lake levels with high U-Th concentrations, 3) varved, mixed-layered clays with high hectorite content, 4) sub-aquaeous, basic-intermediate volcanic basement intrusions with reducing properties, 5) measured very low redox potentials in basal environment, 6) very high density of U-Th. Drilling core sequence and the gamma ray logs from Ahlat Ridge have been used in the foreign literature published since 1974 until now while the existence or non-existence of uranium has not been mentioned. Gamma ray logs of drilling cores and their pore water analyses from Tatvan Basin were carried out abroad but not published yet. Thus gamma ray logs belonging only to shallow Ahlat Ridge sequence where uranium mineral precipitation is not possible is misleading.

scholarly journals O “QUADRO GEOGNÓSTICO DO BRASIL” DE WILHELM LUDWIG VON ESCHWEGE: BREVES COMENTÁRIOS À SUA VISÃO DA GEOLOGIA NO BRASIL

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich E. Renger
Keyword(s):  
Physical Geography ◽  
Iron Formation ◽  
Mica Schist ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
Quadrilátero Ferrífero ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
East West

O trabalho apresenta uma resenha da obra “Geognostisches Gemälde von Brasilien und wahrscheinlichesMuttergestein der Diamanten “ de Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege por ocasião do sesquicentenário da suamorte em 1o de fevereiro de 2005. A obra foi publicada, em pequena tiragem, em 1822. Trata inicialmentedos grandes divisores de água: um de direção aproximada leste – oeste, separando a bacia do rio Amazonasdas dos rios Paraná e Paraguai, que Eschwege batiza de “Serra das Vertentes”, o outro divisor separa a baciado Rio São Francisco dos rios que correm diretamente ao Oceano Atlântico o qual chama de “Serra doEspinhaço”, incluindo nela a Serra da Mantiqueira. Em segundo lugar apresenta um esquema estratigráficobaseado nos modelos usados na Europa, como, por exemplo, aquele proposto em 1787 por AbrahamGottlieb Werner, professor da Academia de Minas de Freiberg na Alemanha. A Primeira FormaçãoPrimitiva é formada pelo embasamento cristalino, a Segunda Formação Primitiva corresponde às seqüênciassupracrustais dobradas (representadas pelos Supergrupos Rio das Velhas, Minas e Espinhaço), a Terceira oude Transição abrange essencialmente o atual Grupo Bambui e uma quarta subdivisão reúne depósitossuperficiais como aluviões e coberturas terciárias e quarternárias. Percebe-se que suas idéias a respeito dageologia do Brasil são fortemente influenciadas pela escola netunista de Werner. Descreve aindamacroscopicamente os principais tipos de rocha encontrados no Brasil, define os novos termos “itacolumito”e “itabirito” e introduz o termo “tapanhoacanga” na nomenclatura geológica, todos com suas localidadestipo.Tapanhoacanga, hoje reduzida para canga, é de origem indígena de tapanhu = escravo negro e acanga= cabeça (ou a = cabeça e canga = osso). A última parte do “Quadro geognóstico... “ trata da ocorrência dosdiamantes no Brasil e de sua possível rocha matriz, na sua opinião formados em concreções limoníticasoriginadas das rochas ferruginosas da Segunda Formação Primitiva.Palavras-chave: História da Geologia, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Serra do Espinhaço, estratigrafia precambriana,itabirito, itacolumito, canga, diamantes ABSTRACT: ESCHWEGE’S “GEOGNOSTICAL SKETCH OF BRAZIL AND THE PROBABLE SOURCE ROCK OFDIAMONDS”: BRIEF COMMENTS ON HIS VISION OF BRAZILIAN GEOLOGY. This small brochure waspublished in 1822 by the German geologist Wilhem Ludwig von Eschwege (1777 – 1855) and is nowtranslated to Portuguese for the first time completely as a memorial of his passing away 150 years ago.Initially, Eschwege reports on the physical geography of Brazil and suggests the names “Serra das Vertentes”(Watershed Mountains) and “Serra do Espinhaço” (Backbone Ridge), running East – West the first and North– South the second, separating the great hydrographic basins in Brazil. A main chapter is dedicated to a veryfirst proposal of a stratigraphic scheme based on European models of the time and heavily influenced by A.G. Werner, the principal protagonist of the neptunism, which interpreted all rocks as being precipitated fromaqueous solutions. He distinguishes four stratigraphic divisions: the First Primitive Formation containinggranite, gneiss, and mica schist, corresponding in more modern terms to the crystalline basement; the SecondPrimitive Formation is formed by itacolumite (quartzite), itabirite (iron formation) and schist, representedby the Rio das Velhas, Minas, and Espinhaço supergroups. The third or Transitional Formation composed byslates, quartz schist, greywacke, and massive limestone corresponds to the Macaúbas and Bambui groups. Thefourth and uppermost formation encloses all superficial deposits, such as alluvial, river gravels and a peculiarferruginous conglomerate called by the native tapanhoacanga, which means Negro head. His argumentationis heavily influenced by neptunistic thinking. Eschwege still describes in great detail the principal rock types,as known at this time in Brazil and introduces the terms itacolumite, itabirite and (tapanhoa)canga into thegeological nomenclature. The second part is dedicated to the occurrence, distribution and origin of Braziliandiamonds. He considers that they are formed within any rock of his Second Primitive Formation, due to theoccasional founding of limonitic concretions with inclusions of diamonds.Keywords: History of geology, Quadril

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