American Contributions to the Geological Mapping of Hokkaido, Late Nineteenth Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Aalto
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Mine Development

During 1861-1862 Raphael Pumpelly (1838-1923) was engaged by the Japanese Government (the Tokugawa Shogunate) to review mineral resources and advise on mining operations. Political pressures against the Government's employ of foreigners resulted in his investigation being confined to southern Hokkaido and, at the end of 1862, led to the termination of his contract. Pumpelly completed a geological sketch map with structural cross-sections, provided formation descriptions, interpretations of landforms, suggestions for mine development, and interpretations of the tectonic history of the island. Remarking on the general parallelism of Asian mountain ranges, major valleys, coastlines and the Japanese islands, Pumpelly envisioned a NE-SW-trending system of tectonic elevation and depression that governed the geomorphic configuration of the Northern Hemisphere worldwide. In 1878, under the new leadership of the Emperor following the Meiji Restoration, foreign specialists were welcomed to Japan in order to modernize government, science, and industry. Benjamin Smith Lyman (1835-1920) and Henry Smith Munroe (1850-1933) undertook geologic studies of Hokkaido, focusing on mineral resources, and produced a regional stratigraphy, structural synthesis and geologic map for the entire island. Their work, published by the development agency for Hokkaido (the Kaitakushi), served as a foundation for further studies by Japanese researchers, many of whom began as assistants to Lyman and Munroe.

On the history of the first Russian geological map

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-347
Author(s):  
Leonid R. Kolbantsev
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Central State ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Mining Districts

The earliest Russian geologic map, the “Map of the Environs of the Nerchinsk Mining Establishment (1789–1794)”, was found in the Central State Historical Archive, Leningrad in 1925. At that time it was described by Presnyakov (1927). Shortly after that, the map was lost from view and was not available for study until recently. This paper investigates the provenance and history of the manuscript map in six sheets. It is likely that the Russian government commissioned the map in order to assess the mineral resources of the Nerchinsk district. The map was the result of six summer field seasons where the six base maps showing stream networks and topography were assembled using compasses and tapes. The rock types were superimposed on the base maps and depicted using different colors. The mapping effort was overseen by Egor Barboth de Marny, the director of the Nerchinsk mining establishment, and the fieldwork was undertaken by Dorofey Lebedev, Mikhail Ivanov and Alexey Cheredov. The innovative use of color may have been inspired by earlier maps of mining districts in Germany and suggested by Benedict Franz Johann Hermann, a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Pioneering Geologic Studies of the Black Hills, Dakota Territory, USA

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aalto
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Gold Deposits ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
John Wesley ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Field Season ◽  
Thin Section Petrography ◽  
John Wesley Powell

Discovery of significant gold deposits in the Black Hills, Dakota Territory, in the early 1870s led to a Congressional mandate that organized geological exploration of the Hills be undertaken. Ferdinand V. Hayden (1829-1887), who had previously visited the region, principally to collect fossils, was thwarted in his efforts to oversee such exploration by the combined efforts of John Strong Newberry (1822-1892) and John Wesley Powell (1834-1902), who instead promoted Walter P. Jenney (1850-1904?) and Henry Newton (1845-1877), both colleagues of Newberry at the Columbia College School of Mines. In a four-month field season the Jenney/Newton Survey (1875) carefully examined some 6,000 square miles of the Black Hills. Newton then oversaw production of an extensive report on the geology, mineral resources and other aspects of natural history. The report included a detailed geologic map, numerous stratigraphic columns, interpretive figures illustrating the geomorphic evolution of the Hills, thin section petrography of samples collected and a general discussion of the geologic history. Of note are Newton's interpretations of laccolith formation and drainage evolution. Despite Congressional approval funding production, the publication of the report was delayed until 1880, after Newton's untimely death in 1877 during a second visit to the Hills. It appeared under the auspices of John Wesley Powell's Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountains Region. G. K. Gilbert (1843-1918) unofficially edited the final version of the report, using Newton's notes, drafts and figures. However, Newton should justly receive credit for its excellence.

scholarly journals Crustal Deformations and Geomorphological Units of Arabian Plate Foreland Region, North and Northeast of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abbas Hasan ◽  
Mohammed Lateef Hussien ◽  
Linaz Anis Fadhil ◽  
Mariam Isam Hasan ◽  
Cristina Dallos Mosquera
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Alluvial Fans ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Geomorphological Units ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geologic Factor

The crustal shortening in the foreland of Arabian Plate (the Taurus and Zagros Mountains system) in N and NE of Iraq is accommodated in two principal ways: folding and thrusting. The fold and thrust patterns have evolved as an expression of shortening which was approximately NE-SW directed and subparallel to the bedding. In this area, observations of deformations along different cross sections were made using balancing cross sections for the estimation of the total shortening on five cross sections. The authors showed that shortening deformations were irregular and non-identical, which date back to the same age and the same location. This suggests that defects in this region are not homogeneous due to irregular bottom of the sedimentary basin, fault system and the form of the collision zone between the Arabian Plate and Iranian Plate or between the Arabian Plate and the Anatolian Plate. According to these magnitudes, the foreland region of Arabian Plate is affected by inhomogeneous deformations that are related rather to where these structures were developed, than to when they were formed. This study demonstrates the significant influence of geologic factor (especially structure) in forming and developing geomorphological features with a structural origin. These features are associated with tectonic history of the study area, such as units of structural origin. Another features related to the denudational factors, like glacis and badland, in addition to the features of fluvial origin which are alluvial fans, terraces and flood plains.

scholarly journals Geological Mapping of Gunungbatu and Surrounding Areas, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fajar Rizki Widiatmoko ◽  
Mochammad Aziz ◽  
Irwan Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Geological History ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Geomorphological Units ◽  
History Of ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Mapping is the activity of collecting data from an area to be mapped, in the context of geology mapping means collecting data that includes descriptions of rocks, rock structures, rock positions, structure measurements (plunge/trend, pitch, microfold), rock thickness measurements, rock sampling and sketches. landscape, covering an area to be mapped. Research in the area of Gunungbatu and its surroundings, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province with the aim of knowing and knowing that it is in the research area by reconstructing the history of formation or geomorphological history, merely tectonic history in space and time, reconstructing geological history based on micropaleontological analysis. Based on the analysis carried out, it was found that the geomorphological units of the study area were divided into 5, namely the Gunungbatu Syncline Hills Unit, the Kali Bodas Anticline Valley Unit, the Girimulya Syncline Hills Unit, the Cenggiri Homocline Hills Unit and the Kebubung Homocline Valley Unit. The geology of the study area consists of two unofficial rock units in order from oldest to youngest, namely the claystone-sandstone unit and the sandstone-claystone unit. The geological structures of the pinpoint folds and faults are Mount Ketos Syncline, Kali Bodas Anticline, Gapura Syncline, Pertapan Igir Syncline, Cenggiri River Rising Fault, Kebubung Dextral Fault, and Girimulya Dextral Fault. The geological history of the research area begins with the book Unit of Claystone in the Middle Miocene Environment in Upper Bathyal. Furthermore, after the claystone-sandstone units were deposited, during the Middle Miocene – Late Miocene in the Deep Neritic Environment, the sandstone-claystone units were deposited with a turbidite mechanism. As well as the geological resource potential of the research area in the form of river utilization in the form of chunks of igneous rock, river sand deposits and gold seepage. Meanwhile, the potential for geological disasters in the form of landslides.

scholarly journals Crustal architecture of the northwestern and central Gulf of Mexico from integrated geophysical analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. T899-T910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Filina
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Seismic Velocities ◽  
Seismic Surveys ◽  
Subsurface Structures ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tectonic Reconstructions ◽  
Sigsbee Escarpment ◽  
Well Data

The tectonic history of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is a subject for ongoing debate. The nature of the crust in the northwestern and central parts of the basin remains poorly understood. Joined interpretation of two 2D seismic cross sections — GUMBO1 and GUMBO2 — with potential fields (gravity and magnetics) constrained with available well data allows testing various hypotheses about the subsurface structures and crustal architecture in the study area. In the northwestern GOM, two contradicting hypotheses about the nature of the crust were tested — exhumed mantle versus a thinned and intruded continental crust resulted from magma-rich rifting. The nature of the crust was also investigated in the central GOM, where the disagreement in the location of the ocean-continent boundary (OCB) from various published tectonic models reaches 140 km (87 mi). The results suggest that the crust in the study area is stretched continental with multiple magmatic additions represented by dense and highly magnetic bodies with fast seismic velocities, presumably introduced during the magma-assisted rifting of the GOM. The contact between oceanic and continental domains, i.e., the OCB, is interpreted to be near the Sigsbee Escarpment for both modeled lines. The analysis does not support the presence of thick presalt sediments in the study area. This result questions the currently accepted tectonic reconstructions of the GOM as thick presalt deposits are imaged confidently by various seismic surveys along the western Yucatan margin, which is believed to be a conjugate for the study area. This apparent mismatch in distribution of the presalt sediments requires further investigation.

Tectonic history of the Dent Blanche

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2.1) ◽  
pp. 1-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Manzotti ◽  
Michel Ballèvrei
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of

The Modernities of H. Lawrence Freeman

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-779
Author(s):  
David Gutkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Black Press ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
White Press ◽  
Grand Opera

H. Lawrence Freeman's “Negro Jazz Grand Opera,” Voodoo, was premiered in 1928 in Manhattan's Broadway district. Its reception bespoke competing, racially charged values that underpinned the idea of the “modern” in the 1920s. The white press critiqued the opera for its allegedly anxiety-ridden indebtedness to nineteenth-century European conventions, while the black press hailed it as the pathbreaking work of a “pioneer composer.” Taking the reception history of Voodoo as a starting point, this article shows how Freeman's lifelong project, the creation of what he would call “Negro Grand Opera,” mediated between disparate and sometimes apparently irreconcilable figurations of the modern that spanned the late nineteenth century through the interwar years: Wagnerism, uplift ideology, primitivism, and popular music (including, but not limited to, jazz). I focus on Freeman's inheritance of a worldview that could be called progressivist, evolutionist, or, to borrow a term from Wilson Moses, civilizationist. I then trace the complex relationship between this mode of imagining modernity and subsequent versions of modernism that Freeman engaged with during the first decades of the twentieth century. Through readings of Freeman's aesthetic manifestos and his stylistically syncretic musical corpus I show how ideas about race inflected the process by which the qualitatively modern slips out of joint with temporal modernity. The most substantial musical analysis examines leitmotivic transformations that play out across Freeman's jazz opera American Romance (1924–29): lions become subways; Mississippi becomes New York; and jazz, like modernity itself, keeps metamorphosing. A concluding section considers a broader set of questions concerning the historiography of modernism and modernity.

Editorial Introduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Editors of the JIOWS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Indian Ocean World ◽  
Shed Light

The editors are proud to present the first issue of the fourth volume of the Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies. This issue contains three articles, by James Francis Warren (Murdoch University), Kelsey McFaul (University of California, Santa Cruz), and Marek Pawelczak (University of Warsaw), respectively. Warren’s and McFaul’s articles take different approaches to the growing body of work that discusses pirates in the Indian Ocean World, past and present. Warren’s article is historical, exploring the life and times of Julano Taupan in the nineteenth-century Philippines. He invites us to question the meaning of the word ‘pirate’ and the several ways in which Taupan’s life has been interpreted by different European colonists and by anti-colonial movements from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. McFaul’s article, meanwhile, takes a literary approach to discuss the much more recent phenomenon of Somali Piracy, which reached its apex in the last decade. Its contribution is to analyse the works of authors based in the region, challenging paradigms that have mostly been developed from analysis of works written in the West. Finally, Pawelczak’s article is a legal history of British jurisdiction in mid-late nineteenth-century Zanzibar. It examines one of the facets that underpinned European influence in the western Indian Ocean World before the establishment of colonial rule. In sum, this issue uses two key threads to shed light on the complex relationships between European and other Western powers and the Indian Ocean World.

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