scholarly journals RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TURKISH EMPIRE, ZAPOROZHIAN COSSACKS AND CRIMEAN KHANATE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Y. Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Preparation Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Northern Policy ◽  
The Revolution

A cooperation between the Crimean Khanate and the Zaporozhian Cossacks in the first half of the 17th century rose to its peak between 1620 and 1630. There were important reasons for this alliance between the Crimean Khanate and Zaporozhian Cossacks. The joint aspect in terms of the Zapohorozhian Cossacks and the Crimean Khanate was, that both of the sides, as the border forces, were under control of strong powers. The Crimean Khanate formed the main base of the Ottoman State’s northern policy, and the Ottomans had been carrying out their policy against Poland and Moscow through the agency of the Crimean Khanate since the time of Mehmet the Conqueror. There were relations of the same kind between the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Polish Kingdom. The developments arising between the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire resembled those ones between Poland and the Cossacks. The subject of our presentation is to throw light on the above said cooperation and to deal with its background. The character of relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, as well as those between the Polish Kingdom and the Zapohorozhian Cossacks have been analysed for the said aim, and subsequently the historical grounds and specific features of the Cossacks–Crimean cooperation have been dealt with. Finally, the preparation period of the Revolution under the head of Bohdan Khemilnitsky was accentuated.

THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RECONSIDERED

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World Economy ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The Price Revolution of the 16th century has been the subject of one of the most enduring debates in European historiography and, more recently, in the historiography of the world economy. That European prices, expressed in grams of silver, increased by more than 100 percent—and in some countries, by more than 200 percent—from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century has been well established and broadly accepted. In countries that experienced currency debasements, overall inflation was proportionately higher, reaching, in some cases, 600 percent or more for the entire period.

The Changing Perception of the Five Senses

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Sara Benninga
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Peter Paul Rubens ◽  
Courtly Culture ◽  
Southern Netherlands ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
The Senses

This article examines the changing approach towards the representation of the senses in 17th-century Flemish painting. These changes are related to the cultural politics and courtly culture of the Spanish sovereigns of the Southern Netherlands, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. The 1617–18 painting-series of the Five Senses by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens as well as the pendant paintings on the subject are analyzed in relation to the iconography of the five senses, and in regard to Flemish genre themes. In this context, the excess of objects, paintings, scientific instruments, animals, and plants in the Five Senses are read as an expansion of the iconography of the senses as well as a reference to the courtly material culture of the Archdukes. Framing the senses as part of a cultural web of artifacts, Brueghel and Rubens refer both to elite lived experience and traditional iconography. The article examines the continuity between the iconography of the senses from 1600 onwards, as developed by Georg Pencz, Frans Floris, and Maerten de Vos, and the representation of the senses in the series. In addition, the article shows how certain elements in the paintings are influenced by genre paintings of the courtly company and collector’s cabinet, by Frans Francken, Lucas van Valckenborch and Louis de Caullery. Through the synthesis of these two traditions the subject of the five senses is reinvented in a courtly context

Nog een suggestie voor het onderwerp van Rembrandts historiestuk te Leiden: De grootmoedigheid van Alexander

1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
J. Bruyn
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
General Nature ◽  
History Painting ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Political Allegory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Background Wave ◽  
The Right

AbstractOf the nine interpretations proposed for Rembraradt's history Painting of 1626 now at Leiden, none is really convincing. Il seems attractive to think of palamedes Condemned by Agamemncm as the subject because of its political significance in the year after the publication of Voredel's tragecty Palamedcs or Innocence Murdered, which denounced the execution of the Remonstrant leader Johan van Oldenbarnevelt in 1619. γet the scene depicted does not fit any episode frorn the Palamedes story. It appears rather to represent three young men appearing before a crowned figure who makes a pronouncement, probably one of magnanimity or clemency. It is conceivable that the subject was taken from Q. Curtius Rufus's Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis, ofwhich several editions, including translations into the vernacular, were published in Holland in the first decades of the 17th century. The episode in question was known to the young Rubens, but does not seem to have been illustrated by any other artist. At the beginning of the seventh book it is described how Alexander summoned before. him in the presence of the army two oj three brothers, who had been close friends of Philotas, a former, friend of his who had been executed for plotting against his life. The youngest brother, Poleinon, had panicked and fled but was caught and brought back at the very moment when Alexander had accused the brothers and the eldest, Amyntas, after having been released from his bonds and given a spear which he held in his left hand, had embarked on his szzccess ful defence. The appearance of Polemon infuriated the soldiers, but when he took the blame on himself and prrifessed his brothers' innocence, they were moved to tears. So too was Alexander who, prompted by their cries, absolved the brothers. This anecdote does at least explain some of the features of Rembrandt's scene. The young man standing on the right with his right hand raised as if swearing an oath would be the eloquent Amyntas with a spear in his left hand. Hidden behind him kneels the second brother, Simias, while Polemon, 'a young man just come to maturity and in the first bloom of his youth', has fallen on one knee in the foreground, underlining his emotional words with his right hand bressed to his heart. Alexander raises his sceptre in token of his absolution and some men in the background wave and shout from a socle they have climbed. Interpreted in this way, the scene coralains not a topical political allegory but, as would seem usual with history paintings, a message of a more general nature: the magnanimity of Alexander as an 'exemblum virtutis'.

Féminisation linguistique et écriture inclusive: de quelques nouvelles formes langagières du français

2021 ◽  
Vol 9788879169776 ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Françoise Sullet-Nylander
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
French Language ◽  
Inclusive Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

From the 17th century to the present day, the French language has often been the subject of controversies relating to the development of its grammar or its lexicon. The one we are interested in in this article is relatively recent – at least it has expanded in recent years, in the wake of the MeToo movement, in 2017. In France, recent studies on the subject testify to the interest shown in the question, but also to the profound differences regarding the functions of these “new” language forms. The evolution of society is expressed in language, and conversely the language register the transformations of society. Drawing on the reflections of Alpheratz (2018), Cerquiglini (2018) and Viennot (2018), we will first present the different stages of these transformations of the French language, the moments of “tension” around the issue of gender in language, as well as the “principles” of inclusive language. Then, from a corpus of around 200 university emails, we will analyze some of these new language forms in use in this textual genre.

Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-310
Author(s):  
Marijana Horvat ◽  
Martina Kramarić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Language Text

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

Navigation and the Schools: I.

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-402
Author(s):  
E. W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Marine Insurance ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
Force And Motion ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

On 29 October 1969, taking the chair at a Duke of Edinburgh Lecture, the great educator Lord Butler commented, ‘…in my view, it would do a great deal of good if navigation could be considered an educational subject’. Indeed, we know that by 1700 the discipline was being taught in ordinary schools in this country, and it is perhaps worth repeating Isaac Newton's remarks on the Christ's Hospital syllabus: ‘he that is able to argue nimbly and judiciously about figure, force and motion is never at rest until he gets over every rub’.The inclusion of navigation in the curricula of schools during the 17th century was for financial rather than for educative reasons. In those days, the master of a ship was responsible for its navigation and invariably had a stake in the marine enterprise. Thus he might make a small fortune in a single voyage. By 1800, the introduction of the limited liability shipping company and the growth of marine insurance were beginning to relegate the captain to the status of a hired servant paid the minimum wage. Navigation rapidly disappeared from ordinary schools and was taught only in the specialized nautical establishments. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that today, the mariner, the submariner, the pilot and the astronaut have restored to the subject its original lustre and the yachting explosion has given the discipline a wide appeal.

scholarly journals The Northern Policy of George 1. to 1718

1906 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 79-107
Author(s):  
J. F. Chance
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The North ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Northern Policy

The policy pursued by George I. in the north of Europe in the first years of his reign has not received much attention from historians, at least in England. The few paragraphs which authors of such merit as Lord Mahon or J. R. Green allot to the subject show that they did not think it worth while, or were not able, to inform themselves of the facts. They record, rightly enough, that George's own principal purpose was to add the Swedish provinces of Bremen and Verden to his electoral dominions, and they attribute to Charles XII. the design of invading Great Britain in revenge, with the object of placing James III. upon the throne. Though he does not appear to have ever seriously contemplated such a thing, the belief that he held it in view was, after the Jacobite rebellion, genuine and general. But nothing is said of the pressing importance to Great Britain of the Baltic commerce, with which Charles interfered and Peter the Great seemed likely to interfere. This it was solely that gave George I. the services of a British squadron in the Baltic in 1715, and this the principal cause of the estrangement between Great Britain and Russia, which lasted for over twenty years. The object of the present paper is to present a narrative of events up to the death of Charles XII., from which conclusions may be drawn. Details may be avoided, as these have appeared in papers by the author published in the ‘English Historical Review.’

scholarly journals FILOSOFIJA IR XVII a. MOKSLO REVOLIUCIJA

Problemos ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaldas Nekrašas
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Special Science ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intellectual Power ◽  
The Revolution

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką filosofijos raidai turėjo XVII a. mokslo revoliucija, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant jos padariniams reinterpretuojant filosofijos ir mokslo santykį. Argumentuojama, kad filosofijos, visų pirma metafizikos ir mokslo santykį transformavo aristoteliškosios mokslo plėtotės programos pakeitimas pitagoriškąja – matematizuotos eksperimentinės gamtotyros atsiradimas leido griežčiau atskirti fiziką nuo metafizikos. Specialiųjų mokslų ir metafizikos tikslų, metodų ir nagrinėjamų problemų pobūdžio supriešinimas sudarė pagrindą atsirasti pozityvistiniams filosofijos pertvarkymo į specialųjį mokslą projektams. Straipsnis baigiamas išvada, kad mokslas, jau XVII amžiuje ėmęs virsti intelektualine jėga, pranokstančia filosofiją pagal reikšmę ir įtaką, privertė filosofiją ir filosofus užimti vienokią ar kitokią poziciją savo atžvilgiu. Ši pozicija iš esmės nulemia tiek filosofavimo būdų spektrą, tiek skirtingų filosofavimo būdų santykį. Patys filosofai nebūtinai šią poziciją aiškiai reflektuoja ir fiksuoja, bet ji visada yra tam tikro filosofavimo būdo pasirinkimo pagrindas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Newtonas, Hume’as, metafizika, pozityvizmas. PHILOSOPHY AND THE 17TH CENTURY SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONEvaldas Nekrašas Summary The paper deals with the issue of the impact of the 17th century scientific revolution upon the development of philosophy. The main focus is relation between science and philosophy and effects of the revolution on the interpretation of that relation. The author argues that the relation between metaphysics and science has been transformed due to the replacement of the Aristotelian programme of the development of science by the Pythagorean one. The contraposition of aims, methods and problems characteristic of special science to those typical of metaphysics created preconditions for bringing forward the positivist schemes of the transformation of philosophy into one or another special science. The paper ends with the conclusion that science which already in the 17th century became an intellectual power excelling philosophy in significance and influence forced philosophy and philosophers to take a specific stance on it. This stance determines the spectrum of different ways of doing philosophy and their relation to each other. Some philosophers do not reflect the stance on science taken by them. But this stance always affects the choice of ways of doing philosophy.Keywords: Newton, Hume, metaphysics, positivism.

scholarly journals Z DZIEJÓW FRANCUSKIEGO MODELU „LA PUBLICITÉ FONCIÈRE”

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Paweł Blajer
Keyword(s):  
French Literature ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
French Law ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
The Revolution

 Some Aspects of the History of the French ‘Publicité Foncière’ SystemSummaryIn this article the author applies a broad historical perspective todescribe the origins and evolution of the French publicité foncière system as an instrument for the publicity (record-keeping) of propertytransactions.To achieve this aim he divides the article into particular chaptersas required by the nature of the subject. According to the systematicsadopted in the French literature, the history of the publicité foncièresystem is divided into three fundamental periods, which are discussedin three separate chapters. These three main periods are the age ofl’ancien droit (viz. French law prior to the Revolution), the legislationof the Revolutionary period and Napoleonic Code; the period since themortgage law of 1855.The research conducted in the article’s three main chapters enablesthe author to identify the factors which have determined the main trendin the history of the French method of land registration, and the extentto which it has influenced Polish regulations on land registration.

scholarly journals “The Escape in the Desert” in Book Culture and Literature of Pre-Peter Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Isachenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Century Literature

<p>&nbsp;The motif of &ldquo;the escape from paradise&rdquo; has recently become one more time the subject of historical poetics. This motif is opposed to &ldquo;the expulsion from paradise&rdquo; accepted in Western literature. In the perception of scholars the motif of &ldquo;the escape from paradise&rdquo; in 19th century literature took a paradoxical form of &ldquo;loneliness&rdquo; (Dmitriev, Pushkin, Ostrovsky and Batyushkov) and then was designated as a &ldquo;moving&rdquo; model of a Russian man&rsquo;s life who escapes from Paradise&nbsp;&mdash; a &ldquo;homeostatic&rdquo; society (L.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Gumilev). The transformation of the motif from a &ldquo;stable&rdquo; model to a &ldquo;moving&rdquo; one led to formation of a new Russian character&nbsp;&mdash; a &ldquo;homeless wanderer&rdquo; mentioned by F.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Dostoevsky in his &ldquo;Pushkin Speech&rdquo;. The article puts forward a thesis that under the influence of wandering a part of Russian society feel inclined for Old Russian forms of world outlook that incites person&rsquo;s searches for life paradise in his own soul. This trend appears in the pilgrimage and theological literature of the 19th century. The transformation of the ratio between the &ldquo;stable&rdquo; and the &ldquo;moving&rdquo; towards the Old Russian ideal of wandering brings man to the saving paths of evangelical commandments. The theme of &ldquo;escape in the desert&rdquo; is closely related to the theme of &ldquo;Mental Paradise&rdquo;. In this regard, the key plot of the popular collection &ldquo;Mental Paradise&rdquo; popular in the 17th century and released in Wallay Iversky Monastery in 1658&ndash;1659 is considered. Based on the manuscripts the article shows how the motives of &ldquo;Paradise&rdquo; and &ldquo;escape in the desert&rdquo; having preceded the trends and having been developed in the 19th century leading to the prosperity of pilgrimage literature, are presented in literature of pre-Peter Russia.</p>

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