An Experiment in Methodology in a West African Urban Community

Human Organization â—½  
1954 â—½  
Vol 13 (1) â—½  
pp. 13-19 â—½  
Author(s):  
William Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Total Population â—½  
Urban Community â—½  
West African â—½  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
Tropical Africa â—½  
Populated Area â—½  
Southwest Nigeria â—½  
History Of â—½  
Population Numbers

One of the most highly developed and complex cultures in tropical Africa today is found among the Yoruba people of southwest Nigeria. Extending northeast from Lagos, the major coastal port of Nigeria, is a densely populated area comprised of many large communities, characteristic of the Yoruba, whose total population numbers over 3,500,000 persons. The early history of many of these communities is obscure, although it is alleged that many of the contemporary communities had their inceptions in the 17th and 18th centuries. The largest of the 15 or more communities whose populations exceed 40,000 persons is Ibadan, with an estimated 400,000 population. The estimated populations of some of the other Yoruba towns are: Iwo, 86,000; Ogbomosho, 85,000; Oyo, 79,000; Oshbogbo, 70,000; Abeokuta, 54,000; Ilesha, 50,000; and Ife, 45,000. The 1931 Nigeria census indicated that one-third of the Yoruba population lives in the nine largest Yoruba towns.

The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Potential for Violent Escalation

2020 â—½  
pp. 37-78
Author(s):  
Ioana Emy Matesan
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Brotherhood â—½  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
Religious Movement â—½  
Dual Effect â—½  
Sequence Of Events â—½  
History Of â—½  
The Muslim Brotherhood â—½  
The One â—½  
Gamal Abdel Nasser

This chapter revisits the early history of the Muslim Brotherhood to understand why an organization that started out as a nonviolent religious movement came to be associated with violence. Many blame this on the harsh repression under President Gamal Abdel Nasser. However, the analysis shows that the drift toward violence started much earlier. Reconstructing the sequence of events between 1936 and 1948, the chapter reveals that what initially politicized the Brotherhood was the presence of British troops in Egypt and Palestine. The formation of an armed wing led to competition over authority within the group, which incentivized violent escalation. The chapter then focuses on the period between 1954 and 1970 and shows that repression had a dual effect. On the one hand, it inspired new jihadi interpretations, which were particularly appealing to younger members. On the other hand, the prisons were also the backdrop against which the Brotherhood became convinced that violence was futile.

Protogeometric Vases from Amorgos in the Museum of the British School

1989 â—½  
Vol 84 â—½  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
R.W.V. Catling â—½  
R.E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis â—½  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
The South â—½  
South West â—½  
British School â—½  
History Of â—½  
First Time

Two vases, a cup and an oinochoe, from Arkesine in south-west Amorgos are published for the first time. It is argued that both are probably Middle Protogeometric, one an import from Euboia, the other from the south-east Aegean; chemical analysis supports both attributions. Their implications for the early history of Amorgos are discussed.

scholarly journals Art. XIV.—Notes on the Early History of Northern India. Part VI On the Historical Value, Origin, and Growth of Early Methods of Record anterior to Alphabets, including Ideographic Signs, Sacred Numbers, and Myths

1890 â—½  
Vol 22 (4) â—½  
pp. 697-758
Author(s):  
J. F. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
The Public â—½  
Public Benefit â—½  
Northern India â—½  
History Of â—½  
Combined Work

As botanists and zoologists trace the successive stages of existence traversed by living plants and animals through species and genera to families, so the historian of human progress finds himself obliged to extend his generalizations through tribes and nations to races. Research proves that it is these larger units who, through the combined work of the several component parts of the race, are the authors of the underlying ideas which are acted out in its achievements. It also seems to show that there are two races who have most materially aided in the development of civilization— one, quiet, silent, hard-working and practical, whose members have always looked on the public benefit of the tribe or nation to which they belonged as their best incentive to action: the other, impulsive, sensitive, generous, and eloquent, who have looked on personal glory and the aggrandizement of their families and personal adherents as the object of their ambition.

Early European Sources Relating to the Kingdom of Ijebu (1500-1700): A Critical Survey

History in Africa â—½  
10.2307/3171544 â—½  
1986 â—½  
Vol 13 â—½  
pp. 245-260 â—½  
Author(s):  
Robin Law
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century â—½  
Limited Range â—½  
West African â—½  
Source Material â—½  
Early History â—½  
Critical Survey â—½  
African History â—½  
The West â—½  
History Of â—½  
Original Information

The history of the Yoruba, as is well known, is very poorly documented from contemporary European sources prior to the nineteenth century, in comparison with their neighbors Benin to the east and the states of the ‘Slave Coast’ (Allada, Whydah, and Dahomey) to the west. There is, however, one Yoruba kingdom which features in contemporary European sources from quite early times, and for which at least intermittent documentation extends through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This is the kingdom of Ijebu in southern Yorubaland. The availability of contemporary European documentation for the early history of Ijebu is especially valuable since the historical traditions of Ijebu itself do not appear to be very rich.Such, at least, is the impression given by published accounts of Ijebu history: although a large number of kings of Ijebu are recalled, thereby suggesting for the kingdom a considerable antiquity, and though there is some recollection locally of early contacts with the Portuguese, it does not seem that Ijebu traditions record much in the way of a detailed narrative of the kingdom's early history. At the same time, the European sources referring to Ijebu present considerable problems of interpretation, particularly with regard to establishing how far successive references to the kingdom constitute new original information rather than merely copying a limited range of early sources, and consideration of them helps to illuminate the character of early European sources for west African history in general. For these reasons, it seems a useful exercise to pull together all the available early European source material relating to Ijebu down to the late seventeenth century.

The early history of West African highlife music

Popular Music â—½  
1989 â—½  
Vol 8 (3) â—½  
pp. 221-230 â—½  
Author(s):  
John Collins
Keyword(s):  
South Africa â—½  
North Africa â—½  
Central Africa â—½  
West African â—½  
Early History â—½  
Dance Music â—½  
East African â—½  
East African Coast â—½  
African Coast â—½  
History Of

Highlife is one of the myriad varieties of acculturated popular dance-music styles that have been emerging from Africa this century and which fuse African with Western (i.e. European and American) and islamic influences. Besides highlife, other examples include kwela, township jive and mbaqanga from South Africa, chimurenga from Zimbabwe, the benga beat from Kenya, taraab music from the East African coast, Congo jazz (soukous) from Central Africa, rai music from North Africa, juju and apala music from western Nigeria, makossa from the Cameroons and mbalax from Senegal.

The atmospheric Cherenkov technique in y-ray astronomy: the early days

1981 â—½  
Vol 301 (1462) â—½  
pp. 611-614 â—½  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy â—½  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
Current Status â—½  
Ultra High Energy â—½  
Energy Bands â—½  
Short Contribution â—½  
Basic Physics â—½  
History Of â—½  
The Subject

At this meeting papers were given by Turver & Weekes and Sreekantan about the current status in the detection of ultra-high-energy y-rays in the energy range 10 11 —10 13 eV, by means of the atmospheric Cherenkov technique. There are two objectives of this short contribution. The first is to describe briefly the early history of the subject, and the second to outline the basic physics involved, which will reveal how the technique is essentially quite different from those used in the other energy bands in the y-ray spectrum.

A Seal of Strongbow in the Huntington Library

1941 â—½  
Vol 21 (2) â—½  
pp. 128-132 â—½  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
Historical Figure â—½  
History Of â—½  
Huntington Library

In 1939, having failed after much searching to locate any extant seal of Strongbow, I gave in Historic Heraldry of Britain (Oxford, 1939, pp. 36–7) such particulars as I could of two which have perished, one known by a drawing, the other by a photograph and description. Soon after the book's appearance a letter from Captain R. B. Haselden informed me that what I had been seeking existed in the Huntington Library, namely, a complete and almost perfect seal of Strongbow attached to a charter formerly at Stowe. To the historian, the sigillographer, and the herald alike, this seal is of exceptional interest: to the historian, because it is the only known seal extant of an important historical figure; to the sigillographer, because of the unique design of the counterseal; and to the herald, for its bearing on the early history of one of the two or three oldest heraldic devices.

scholarly journals XII.—On Feudal and Obligatory Knighthood

Archaeologia â—½  
1863 â—½  
Vol 39 (1) â—½  
pp. 189-244 â—½  
Author(s):  
Francis Morgan Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
The Political â—½  
Early Age â—½  
Intimate Connection â—½  
Legal Fiction â—½  
Other Hand â—½  
History Of

The intimate connection which existed between chivalry and feudalism in the early age of both these institutions has not been sufficiently observed. Those who have set themselves to write the history of chivalry have been attracted by its romantic side, and have neglected the more substantial aspect which it presents when considered in relation to the political fabric. Our legal antiquaries, on the other hand, have sparingly recognised the influence of chivalry in the early history of the feudal establishment; and, while it was impossible to banish knight's service and tenure in chivalry from any account of the feudal system, they have been rather disposed to regard feudal knighthood as a legal fiction, and to disconnect the chivalry of tenure from the chivalry of arms.

scholarly journals The Constraints of Software

2019 â—½  
Vol 2 (1) â—½  
pp. 6-29
Author(s):  
Andrew Stuart Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Computer Software â—½  
Early History â—½  
The Other â—½  
Cd Rom â—½  
History Of â—½  
Software Distribution â—½  
Technological Constraints â—½  
At Will

Computer software media has long had intrinsic similarities to books...so why may one be borrowed in a library and not the other? The answer lies in the context and history of how computer media came to be. In this essay I explore the early history of software distribution, where many different proposals fought to succeed. I provide an overview of the software industry’s early embrace of copy-protected floppy disks as a distribution medium, and how they harmed the notion of software as a borrowable medium. Lastly, I cover how CD-ROM materials were treated as books by publishers and libraries, yet failed to realize this premise with long-term success. I argue that a combination of industry actions and technological constraints over four decades caused computer software to fail to succeed as a tangible medium that can be borrowed like a book, lent, or resold at will.

Sauce!

2019 â—½  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Esailama G. A. Diouf
Keyword(s):  
African Americans â—½  
North American â—½  
West Coast â—½  
West African â—½  
Early History â—½  
The West â—½  
African Dance â—½  
History Of â—½  
Culture Transmission â—½  
West African Dance

Esailama Diouf delves deep into history and genealogy to detail the significant politico-cultural figures, dance artists, institutions, and cultural nationalist positions that allowed for a reclaimed connection between African diasporic dance forms and spirit knowing. Dismantling still lingering European and North American notions of Africa and African dance and drumming, which permeate the early history of dance in the Americas, Diouf points to restoring notions of genetic birthrights and culture transmission for African Americans through a renaissance of West African dance and music on the West Coast, specifically in California. Her findings give dancers more awareness and understanding and thereby, the chance to embody their claim to spirit through communal African dance and music

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