The Labor of Diffusion: The Peace Pledge Union and The Adaptation of The Gandhian Repertoire

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Scalmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Nonviolent Direct Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Framing Processes ◽  
Multiple Discourses

The history of the Peace Pledge Union of Britain illuminates the process of social movement repertoire diffusion. In the late 1950s and 1960s British pacifists successfully used nonviolent direct action, but this was based upon a long-term engagement with Gandhism. Systematic coding of movement literature suggests that the translation of Gandhian methods involved more than twenty years of intellectual study and debate. Rival versions of Gandhian repertoire were constructed and defended. These were embedded in practical, sometimes competing projects within the pacifist movement, and were the subject of intense argument and conflict, the relevance of Gandhism was established through complex framing processes, multiple discourses, and increasing practical experimentation. This article offers methodological and conceptual tools for the study of diffusion. A wider argument for the importance of the reception as will as performance of contention is offered.

The Long-Term Regulation of Safety Standards: The Case of the Electricity Industry in Australia and New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-332
Author(s):  
Malcolm Abbott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Industry ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Organizational Approach

Throughout much of the history of the electricity industry in Australia and New Zealand the industry has been the subject of safety regulations. Although this regulation has been a constant throughout the life of the industry the organizational approach to regulation has changed over the years. Periodically in Australia and New Zealand history these questions have been raised in a political context, although notably the structure of safety regulators does not get much attention in the standard histories of the industry. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to discuss some of the general issues that have arisen in the reform of regulation in the case of electricity safety over the longer term and how it relates overall to the development of the electricity industry.

scholarly journals Polish books production in exile in the years 19391950: statistical and geographical perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Oskar Stanisław Czarnik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
World War ◽  
Polish People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War

The subject of this article is an overview of Polish publishing in the exile during the World War II and first post-war years. The literary activity was mostly linked to the cultural tradition of the Second Polish Republic. The author describes this phenomenon quantitatively and presents the number of books published in the respective years. He also tries to explain which external factors, not only political and military, but also financial and organizational, affected publications of Polish books around the world. The subject of the debate is also geography of the Polish publishing. It is connected with a long term migration of different groups of people living in exile. The author not only points out the areas where Polish editorial activity was just temporary, but also the areas where it was long-lasting. The book output was a great assistance to Polish people living in diasporas, as well as to readers living in Poland. The following text is an excerpt of the book which is currently being prepared by the author. The book is devoted to the history of Polish publishing in exile.

“A Not-so-silent Form of Activism”: Intentional Community as Collective Action Reservoir

2020 ◽  
pp. 016059762095194
Author(s):  
Zach Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Intentional Community ◽  
Political Work ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Definition Of

Recent scholarship on social movement groups has increasingly focused on the relationships between lifestyle and politics. As walls of classical social movement theories holding up the false dichotomy of personal and political spheres continue to crumble, I seek in this article to fill some of the space connecting personal and political work by expanding on the concept of collective action reservoirs. Based on an ethnographic case study of an intentional community named Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage, I demonstrate how participation in a shared lifestyle can be the basis for a politicized account of everyday life. The members of this village have developed a unique lifestyle that they consider to be a form of political engagement, in which I show that they have different orientations to the definition of activism and to being in a “reserve guard” for direct action. They have developed and adopted an approach where lifestyle is the primary means of seeking change while direct action is held in reserve. I conclude by theorizing that the collective action reservoir represents a long-term stable base for social movement mobilizations.

Pathways to Modes of Movement Participation: Micromobilization in the Nashville Civil Rights Movement

Social Forces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-280
Author(s):  
Larry W Isaac ◽  
Jonathan S Coley ◽  
Daniel B Cornfield ◽  
Dennis C Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Core ◽  
Workshop Training ◽  
Nonviolent Direct Action ◽  
Movement Participation

Abstract We employ a unique sample of participants in the early 1960s Nashville civil rights movement to examine within-movement micromobilization processes. Rather than assuming movement micromobilization and participation is internally homogeneous, we extend the literature by identifying distinct types of pathways (entry and preparation) and distinct types (or modes) of movement participation. Pathways into the Nashville movement are largely structured a priori by race, by several distinct points of entry (politically pulled, directly recruited, or professionally pushed), and by prior experience or training in nonviolent direct action. Participation falls into a distinct division of movement labor characterized by several major modes of participation—core cadre, soldiers, and supporters. We demonstrate that pathways and modes of participation are systematically linked and that qualitatively distinct pathways contribute to understanding qualitative modes of movement participation. Specifically, all core cadre members were pulled into activism, soldiers were either pulled or recruited, and supporters were pulled, recruited, or pushed. Highly organized, disciplined, and intense workshop training proved to be integral in becoming a member of the core cadre but not for soldier or supporter roles. We conclude that social movement studies would do well to pay more attention to variability in structured pathways to, preparation for, and qualitative dimensions of movement participation. These dimensions are critical to further understanding the way movements and their participants move and add insights regarding an important chapter in the southern civil rights movement. The implications of our findings extend to modes of movement activism more generally.

scholarly journals Editorial: A British Philosophical Association?

Philosophy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-482
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Umbrella Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Hearts And Minds

There are, it seems, 30 or more philosophical societies in Britain. Some, such as the Aristotelian Society or the Mind Association, are mostly for professional philosophers, but of all stripes. Others, such as the Royal Institute of Philosophy, are for anyone interested in philosophy, whether professional or, in the best sense, amateur—that is, not paid for their philosophy. Then there are those smaller, but by no means unworthy bodies, which cater for interest in some special branch of philosophy, such as phenomenology or philosophy of religion or of science. There are societies for European philosophy, for the history of philosophy, for applied philosophy, for women in philosophy, and for much else besides.If not exactly chaos, it all testifies to a real and possibly fruitful diversity in the British philosophical world. But in the last year or so, leading figures in many of the societies have been meeting to discuss forming an umbrella organization to encompass the whole lot. Whether this umbrella is to provide shelter for philosophers from squalls raining down on us from above, or whether it is for some other purpose, is not entirely clear.That there are squalls, at least for those teaching the subject in universities and elsewhere is clear. Teachers everywhere, from universities to primary schools, suffer from a deluge of managerial irrelevance, much of it apparently predicated on the latest managerial nostrum. According to the Government's own guru of ‘delivery’, managers no longer need to ‘win hearts and minds’, but should rather push through short term measures for long term gains, come what may. We have little idea what this means, but it sounds unpleasant. There may well be a case for an Association to speak with one voice on behalf of a profession which needs a degree of freedom from management in which to teach and to think, and which is increasingly called on to respond as a profession to managerial initiatives.But not, we would hope, to speak with one voice on anything else. A one voice philosophy is a contradiction in terms, even were there only one philosopher. Nor does philosophy need a slate of people to speak to the media and the general public. It would be too much like a list of officially licensed authorities where there should be no authority. And it will not work anyway. Good producers and editors will continue to consult the philosophers they know and like, just as they always have.

Unemployment and learning: the depoliticisation and taboos of work(lessness)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-301
Author(s):  
Mikkel Morgen
Keyword(s):  
Learning Processes ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Employment System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Discipline ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conditions Of Learning ◽  
Back To Work

This article analyses how the learning ‐ understood as an aspect of individuals’ life-historical experiential processes ‐ of long-term vulnerable unemployed individuals in a Danish context is affected by the neoliberal organisation of the employment system and back-to-work policies and practices. In doing so, a psychosocietal approach to the study of adults’ learning ‐ in which learning processes are explored from the standpoint of the subject ‐ is applied: an approach that is analytically sensitive to the dialectic interconnectedness of subjective and objective conditions of learning during unemployment, that is, of embodied and life-historical experience, conscious as well as unconscious, and the cultural and sociopolitical embeddedness of work(lessness). In seeking to understand the ambiguities related to learning during long-term unemployment, the article argues for the usefulness of applying a broader concept of adults’ learning in addition to a recognition of negative experience. Through the life history of Richard, the article demonstrates how the neoliberal organisation of back-to-work practices ‐ emphasising the standardisation of methods, the maximisation of efficiency, self-reliance, social discipline, externally determined learning goals and the self-transparent subject ‐ conditions the learning processes of vulnerable unemployed individuals in ways that lead to blockages of experience, differentiated forms of self-alienation and defensive, self-preserving psychodynamics: hence, constituting challenges to learning, solidarity and self-realisation while acting as a catalyst for a reproducing subjective embodiment of societal processes relating to the depoliticisation of work.

A Central Organization for Fundamental Research on Rubber

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Archibald T. McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Rubber Industry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Central Organization ◽  
Forward Looking

Abstract Far-sighted leaders of the rubber industry have long recognized the need of more research on rubber, particularly research of a broad, fundamental character. Ambitious plans have been proposed from time to time for the sponsoring of such research by the rubber industry. The usual history of these plans is that they have been ably presented, discussed at length, and ultimately allowed to lapse. This paper, reviving the subject, is the outcome of a conversation with the forward-looking editor of India Rubber World, and is here presented at his suggestion in the hope that it may lead to new interest and ultimately to some tangible accomplishment. The present plan, which involves no essentially new or original features, is that a relatively small, but strong, central organization be created to undertake difficult, long-term, fundamental research on rubber and, at the same time, to promote research in universities and in industry by coöperation through the dissemination of information and by other means.

On the natural history of the peasant landscape

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos Bazelmans ◽  
Jan Kolen ◽  
Waterbolk H.T
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
University Education ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Burial Mounds

Harm Tjalling Waterbolk (1924) is regarded, together with Pieter J.R. Modderman (1919) and Willem Glasbergen (1923–1979), as the direct inheritor of the founder of Dutch archaeology Albert Egges van Giffen (1884–1973). From the middle of the 1950s, after Van Giffen's retirement, thistroikashaped the rapidly growing academic archaeology in the Netherlands. Until well into the 1970s and 1980s they occupied the most prominent chairs at the universities of Groningen, Leiden and Amsterdam. One look at Waterbolk's impressive list of publications (almost exclusively articles) tells us that for half a century he has been an authoritative participant in developments in Dutch archaeology. He has been involved, directly or indirectly, in the modernization of excavation practices, in changes in the organization of academic education and research, in the introduction of new methods and techniques and in shifts in theory and interpretation. He has made a valuable contribution to the development of large-scale settlement research, to the shaping of the Dutch legal foundation of university education (the study of prehistory in theAcademisch Statuut), to the expansion of palynological research and the C14 method, and to the conceptualization of long-term continuity in the spatial organization of historical communities. His work is interesting because of the blending of a scientific interest in the history of the cultural landscape and a committed and critical involvement with the protection of such. Enough reasons to interview him ten years after his retirement. We meet Waterbolk in Meppel, a small town in south-west Drenthe, on one of the few hot days in the summer of 1996. It has been agreed that we will first pay a short visit to his birthplace in Havelte and to Van Giffen's grave in Diever. Before long it becomes clear that during the tour a web of named places and paths is gradually unfolding, each with its own historical tale and associated with personal memories. The afternoon is spent in the area between Balloo and Rolde, 5 kilometres east of Assen, the capital of the province of Drenthe. This area, which has an un-Dutch concentration of still existing and visible megalithic tombs, burial mounds, Celtic fields, and prehistoric roads, has recently become the subject of Waterbolk's interest (Waterbolk 1994a, and in press b).

Cultural evolution, the postbiological universe and SETI

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
Cosmic Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Biological Universe

The Biological Universe (Dick 1996) analysed the history of the extraterrestrial life debate, documenting how scientists have assessed the chances of life beyond Earth during the 20th century. Here I propose another option – that we may in fact live in a postbiological universe, one that has evolved beyond flesh and blood intelligence to artificial intelligence that is a product of cultural rather than biological evolution. MacGowan & Ordway (1966), Davies (1995) and Shostak (1998), among others, have broached the subject, but the argument has not been given the attention it is due, nor has it been carried to its logical conclusion. This paper argues for the necessity of long-term thinking when contemplating the problem of intelligence in the universe. It provides arguments for a postbiological universe, based on the likely age and lifetimes of technological civilizations and the overriding importance of cultural evolution as an element of cosmic evolution. And it describes the general nature of a postbiological universe and its implications for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

scholarly journals Methods of gastrointestinal tract reconstruction after gastrectomy for gastric cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
S. V. Osminin ◽  
R. N. Komarov ◽  
D. L. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Stomach Cancer ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reconstruction After Gastrectomy

Stomach cancer is the third most deadly cancer in the world. Undoubtedly, the operative method is a priority in the treatment of stomach cancer. The history of development, formation and improvement of gastric cancer surgery dates back almost 140 years. During this time, the priority of numerous studies was to develop the most reliable and physiological method of reconstruction after gastrectomy. To date, the literature describes more than 70 different options for reconstruction after gastrectomy, many of which are used in practice. Globally, there are two main types of reconstructive stages after gastrectomy: without preservation and with preservation of the duodenal passage. The advantages and disadvantages of these stages after gastrectomy continue to be the subject of heated discussions among surgeons, as studies of the immediate and long-term results of various types of these operations are extremely contradictory. We did a historical literature review to identify the most optimal reconstruction method in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy.

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