scholarly journals Overview of Plant-Derived Vaccine Antigens: Dengue Virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra B Malabadi ◽  
Advaita Ganguly ◽  
Jaime A Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Archana Parashar ◽  
Mavanur R Suresh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Vaccine Antigens

ABSTRACT - This review highlights the advantages and current status of plant-derived vaccine development with special reference to the dengue virus. There are numerous problems involved in dengue vaccine development, and there is no vaccine against all four dengue serotypes. Dengue vaccine development using traditional approaches has not been satisfactory in terms of inducing neutralizing antibodies. Recently, these issues were addressed by showing a very good response to inducing neutralizing antibodies by plant-derived dengue vaccine antigens. This indicates the feasibility of using plant-derived vaccine antigens as a low-cost method to combat dengue and other infectious diseases. The application of new methods and strategies such as dendritic cell targeting in cancer therapy, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tuberculosis, human immune deficiency virus, and malaria might play an important role. These new methods are more efficient than traditional protocols. It is expected that in the near future, plant-derived vaccine antigens or antibodies will play an important role in the control of human infectious diseases. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

scholarly journals Defining levels of dengue virus serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies induced by a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (TAK-003)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. White ◽  
Ellen Young ◽  
Mark Stoops ◽  
Sandra Henein ◽  
Ralph S. Baric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Vaccine Component ◽  
Virus Serotype

AbstractThe four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4) infect several hundred million people each year living in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Clinical development of DENV vaccines is difficult because immunity to a single serotype increases risk of severe disease during a second infection with a new serotype. Leading vaccines are based on tetravalent formulations to induce simultaneous and balanced protective immunity to all 4 serotypes. TAK-003 is a tetravalent live attenuated dengue vaccine candidate developed by Takeda Vaccines Inc, which is currently being evaluated in phase 3 efficacy trials. Here, we use antibody depletion methods and chimeric, epitope transplant DENVs to characterize the specificity of neutralizing antibodies in dengue-naïve adults and non-human primates immunized with TAK-003. Our results demonstrate that TAK-003 induced high levels of DENV2 neutralizing antibodies that recognized unique (type-specific) epitopes on DENV2. In contrast, most vaccinated subjects developed lower levels of DENV1, DENV3 and DENV4 neutralizing antibodies that mainly targeted epitopes that were conserved (cross-reactive) between serotypes. We conclude that the DENV2 component in the vaccine is immunodominant because of the high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies targeting type-specific epitopes. We also conclude that DENV1, 3 and 4 vaccine components are less immunogenic because most study subjects did not develop type-specific serum neutralizing antibodies to these serotypes. While DENV vaccine development has been guided by the presence of neutralizing antibodies to each serotype as a benchmark, our results indicate that the presence of neutralizing antibodies alone are not a reliable indicator of the immunogenicity of each vaccine component.Author summaryThe development of tetravalent dengue vaccines has been guided by neutralizing antibodies to each serotype as a correlate of safe and effective vaccine induced immunity. However, the absolute levels of neutralizing antibodies to each serotype has proven to be an unreliable correlate of protection. Levels of antibodies to epitopes that are unique to each serotype, which are measures of immunity independently stimulated by each vaccine component, rather than total quantity of neutralizing antibodies, are likely to be better correlates of protection. Here, we mapped the specificity of antibodies induced by the Takeda tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003 in monkeys and humans with no prior immunity to dengue. The TAK-003 vaccine induces high levels of serotype 2 specific neutralizing antibodies that map to known protective epitopes. In contrast, the serotype 1, 3 and 4 neutralizing antibody responses are lower and mainly consist of cross-reactive antibodies binding to epitopes conserved between serotypes. These heterotypic antibodies, which are most likely derived from the serotype 2 component, may not provide long term protection in vivo.

scholarly journals Dengue virus envelope domain III immunization elicits predominantly cross-reactive, poorly neutralizing antibodies localized to the AB loop: implications for dengue vaccine design

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 2191-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Quan Li ◽  
Li-Wen Qiu ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
Kun Wen ◽  
Jian-Piao Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Surface Display ◽  
Yeast Surface Display ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Denv Serotypes ◽  
Domain Iii

Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes severe health problems. An effective tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate that can provide life-long protection simultaneously against all four DENV serotypes is highly anticipated. A better understanding of the antibody response to DENV envelope protein domain III (EDIII) may offer insights into vaccine development. Here, we identified 25 DENV cross-reactive mAbs from immunization with Pichia pastoris-expressed EDIII of a single or all four serotype(s) using a prime–boost protocol, and through pepscan analysis found that 60 % of them (15/25) specifically recognized the same highly conserved linear epitope aa 309–320 of EDIII. All 15 complex-reactive mAbs exhibited significant cross-reactivity with recombinant EDIII from all DENV serotypes and also with C6/36 cells infected with DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4. However, neutralization assays indicated that the majority of these 15 mAbs were either moderately or weakly neutralizing. Through further epitope mapping by yeast surface display, two residues in the AB loop, Q316 and H317, were discovered to be critical. Three-dimensional modelling analysis suggests that this epitope is surface exposed on EDIII but less accessible on the surface of the E protein dimer and trimer, especially on the surface of the mature virion. It is concluded that EDIII as an immunogen may elicit cross-reactive mAbs toward an epitope that is not exposed on the virion surface, therefore contributing inefficiently to the mAbs neutralization potency. Therefore, the prime–boost strategy of EDIII from a single serotype or four serotypes mainly elicited a poorly neutralizing, cross-reactive antibody response to the conserved AB loop of EDIII.

scholarly journals Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Raquel Cid ◽  
Jorge Bolívar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.

scholarly journals Two Complex, Adenovirus-Based Vaccines That Together Induce Immune Responses to All Four Dengue Virus Serotypes

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Holman ◽  
Danher Wang ◽  
Kanakatte Raviprakash ◽  
Nicholas U. Raja ◽  
Min Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Dengue Virus Serotypes

ABSTRACT Dengue virus infections can cause hemorrhagic fever, shock, encephalitis, and even death. Worldwide, approximately 2.5 billion people live in dengue-infested regions with about 100 million new cases each year, although many of these infections are believed to be silent. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus; thus, immunity from one serotype will not cross-protect from infection with the other three. The difficulties that hamper vaccine development include requirements of the natural conformation of the envelope glycoprotein to induce neutralizing immune responses and the necessity of presenting antigens of all four serotypes. Currently, the only way to meet these requirements is to use a mixture of four serotypes of live attenuated dengue viruses, but safety remains a major problem. In this study, we have developed the basis for a tetravalent dengue vaccine using a novel complex adenovirus platform that is capable of expressing multiple antigens de novo. This dengue vaccine is constructed as a pair of vectors that each expresses the premembrane and envelope genes of two different dengue virus serotypes. Upon vaccination, the vaccine expressed high levels of the dengue virus antigens in cells to mimic a natural infection and induced both humoral and cellular immune responses against multiple serotypes of dengue virus in an animal model. Further analyses show the humoral responses were indeed neutralizing against all four serotypes. Our studies demonstrate the concept of mimicking infections to induce immune responses by synthesizing dengue virus membrane antigens de novo and the feasibility of developing an effective tetravalent dengue vaccine by vector-mediated expression of glycoproteins of the four serotypes.

Study on immunity of dengue virus and dengue vaccine development

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Huang ◽  
Shiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Dengue Vaccine

scholarly journals Complexity of Neutralizing Antibodies against Multiple Dengue Virus Serotypes after Heterotypic Immunization and Secondary Infection Revealed by In-Depth Analysis of Cross-Reactive Antibodies

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (14) ◽  
pp. 7348-7362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Tsai ◽  
Anna Durbin ◽  
Jih-Jin Tsai ◽  
Szu-Chia Hsieh ◽  
Stephen Whitehead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Arboviral Diseases

ABSTRACTThe four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) cause the most important and rapidly emerging arboviral diseases in humans. The recent phase 2b and 3 studies of a tetravalent dengue vaccine reported a moderate efficacy despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, highlighting the need for a better understanding of neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal human sera. Certain type-specific (TS) antibodies were recently discovered to account for the monotypic neutralizing activity and protection after primary DENV infection. The nature of neutralizing antibodies after secondary DENV infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined sera from 10 vaccinees with well-documented exposure to first and second DENV serotypes through heterotypic immunization with live-attenuated vaccines. Higher serum IgG avidities to both exposed and nonexposed serotypes were found after secondary immunization than after primary immunization. Using a two-step depletion protocol to remove different anti-envelope antibodies, including group-reactive (GR) and complex-reactive (CR) antibodies separately, we found GR and CR antibodies together contributed to more than 50% of neutralizing activities against multiple serotypes after secondary immunization. Similar findings were demonstrated in patients after secondary infection. Anti-envelope antibodies recognizing previously exposed serotypes consisted of a large proportion of GR antibodies, CR antibodies, and a small proportion of TS antibodies, whereas those recognizing nonexposed serotypes consisted of GR and CR antibodies. These findings have implications for sequential heterotypic immunization or primary immunization of DENV-primed individuals as alternative strategies for DENV vaccination. The complexity of neutralizing antibodies after secondary infection provides new insights into the difficulty of their application as surrogates of protection.IMPORTANCEThe four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) are the leading cause of arboviral diseases in humans. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, a moderate efficacy was recently reported in phase 2b and 3 trials of a dengue vaccine; a better understanding of neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal human sera is urgently needed. We studied vaccinees who received heterotypic immunization of live-attenuated vaccines, as they were known to have received the first and second DENV serotype exposures. We found anti-envelope antibodies consist of group-reactive (GR), complex-reactive (CR), and type-specific (TS) antibodies, and that both GR and CR antibodies contribute significantly to multitypic neutralizing activities after secondary DENV immunization. These findings have implications for alternative strategies for DENV vaccination. Certain TS antibodies were recently discovered to contribute to the monotypic neutralizing activity and protection after primary DENV infection; our findings of the complexity of neutralizing activities after secondary immunization/infection provide new insights for neutralizing antibodies as surrogates of protection.

scholarly journals Adaptive Immunity to Dengue Virus: Slippery Slope or Solid Ground for Rational Vaccine Design?

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Wilken ◽  
Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Generation Vaccine ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Rational Vaccine Design

The four serotypes of dengue virus are the most widespread causes of arboviral disease, currently placing half of the human population at risk of infection. Pre-existing immunity to one dengue virus serotype can predispose to severe disease following secondary infection with a different serotype. The phenomenon of immune enhancement has complicated vaccine development and likely explains the poor long-term safety profile of a recently licenced dengue vaccine. Therefore, alternative vaccine strategies should be considered. This review summarises studies dissecting the adaptive immune responses to dengue virus infection and (experimental) vaccination. In particular, we discuss the roles of (i) neutralising antibodies, (ii) antibodies to non-structural protein 1, and (iii) T cells in protection and pathogenesis. We also address how these findings could translate into next-generation vaccine approaches that mitigate the risk of enhanced dengue disease. Finally, we argue that the development of a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine is an attainable goal.

scholarly journals Inadvertent Human Mucosal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant S1 Protein Elicits Immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Intranasal Vaccine ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Laboratory Scientist

Abstract Native immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 proteins may be sufficient to elicit protective immunity in humans. Accidental mucosal exposure in a laboratory scientist (P001) to a commercially-obtained, purified SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 subunit (S1) protein resulted in S1-reactive antibodies with serum titers up to 1:12,800. A surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) demonstrated enduring neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). P001 PBMCs and whole blood exposed to S1 protein resulted in interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release ex vivo. Importantly, no systemic adverse events were observed. Potent immunogenicity of full-length S1 protein in a water-in-oil emulsion provides important clues for COVID-19 vaccine development and may serve as the basis of a low-cost, stable, and highly scalable intranasal vaccine candidate to address COVID-19 globally.

scholarly journals Cross-reactivity reduced dengue virus serotype 2 vaccine does not confer cross-protection against other serotypes of dengue viruses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jedhan Ucat Galula ◽  
Chung-Yu Yang ◽  
Brent S. Davis ◽  
Gwong-Jen J. Chang ◽  
Day-Yu Chao
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fusion Peptide ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Boost Immunization

AbstractThe four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) cause the most important rapidly emerging arthropod-borne disease globally. The humoral immune response to DENV infection is predominantly directed against the immunodominant cross-reactive weakly neutralizing epitopes located in the highly conserved fusion peptide of ectodomain II of envelope (E) protein (EDIIFP). Antibodies recognizing EDIIFP have been shown to associate with immune enhancement in an ex vivo animal model. In this study, we explored how prime-boost strategies influence the immunogenicity of a cross-reactivity reduced (CRR) DENV-2 vaccine with substitutions in EDIIFP residues (DENV-2 RD) and found that mice in various DENV-2 RD prime-boost immunizations had significantly reduced levels of EDIIFP antibodies. In addition, heterologous DENV-2 RD DNA-VLP prime-boost immunization induced higher and broader levels of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs) although IgG titers to DENV-2 and 3 were statistically significant. Consistently, mice from DENV-2 RD DNA-VLP prime-boost immunization were fully protected from homologous DENV-2 lethal challenge and partially protected (60% survival rate) from heterologous lethal DENV-3 challenge. Our results conclude that the CRR DENV-2 RD vaccine requires a multivalent format to effectively elicit a balanced and protective immunity across all four DENV serotypes.ImportanceThe low vaccine efficacy of the live-attenuated chimeric yellow fever virus-DENV tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) is unexpected and there is an urgent need to develop a next generation of dengue vaccine. Antibodies against the fusion peptide in envelope protein (E) ectodomain II (EDIIFP) can potentially induce a severe disease via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. This study evaluated different formats of an EDIIFP-modified DENV-2 vaccine (DENV-2 RD) in its capability of inducing a reduced EDIIFP antibodies, and sculpting the immune response towards an increased DENV complex-reactive neutralizing antibodies (CR NtAb). The results from this study confirmed the poor correlate of neutralizing assay with protection as suggested by the results of CYD-TDV clinical trials. There is a urgent need to develop a biological correlate with protection while evaluating the efficacy of the next generation dengue vaccine.

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