Substitution of Local TiO2 on the Synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) for Anodes Lithium Ion batteries

Substitution of local TiO2 on the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 for anodes lithium ion battery with solid state reaction method had been done. This study aimed to substitute raw materials TiO2 and determine the length of sintering time. Synthesis was done by mixing the raw materials like local TiO2 and LiOH.H2O in a stoichiometric then milled for 15 hours followed by calcination at a temperature of 600oC with sintering time of 2 hours for each samples. Sintering was done by varying the length of sintering time i.e. 4, 6 and 8 hours at a temperature of 850 °C. In this study the effect of sintering time on the material characteristics and performance of battery cells studied in detail. The characterization was conducted by the XRD to determine the structure and the LTO phases, SEM/EDX test to determine the morphology, surface topography and composition of all samples. PSA test was performed to determine the particle size while battery cell performance was tests with automatic charge-discharge battery cycler. From characterization found that the maximum length of time that is resistant to sintering samples 6 hours. The resulting active material has an LTO phase with spinel crystal structure simple cubic, but not produced a single phase, there are some impurity phases. The results of SEM/EDX provides irregular morphology, have pores, many impurities and varying sizes. Charge-discharge measurement showed that optimum sintering was got at 6 h which gave specific capacity about 50 mAh/g.

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Studies on the Electrochemical Behavior of Sio/C Anode Materials by AC Impedance Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.967 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 690-693 ◽

pp. 967-970

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Jia Ming Tian ◽

Jun Cong Wei ◽

Chun Mei Wang

Keyword(s):

Epoxy Resin ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Ac Impedance ◽

Impedance Method ◽

Discharge Process ◽

Electrode Structure ◽

Modified Stöber Method ◽

Charge Discharge

SiO-based materials as a new anode material has attracted widespread attention in lithium-ion battery industry for their high theoretical specific capacities. In this work, the SiO/C composites were prepared by a modified stöber method with TEOS and organic compounds (epoxy resin and sugar) as raw materials. The electrochemical performance of the prepared SiO/C composites were investigated by electrochemical charge/discharge tests and AC impedance method. As carbon source, epoxy resin can make the SiO/C composite with a higher specific capacity and stable electrode structure during charge/discharge process. The EIS results reveal that the SiO/C composite electrode derived from epoxy resin exhibits a higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient.

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Taming the Hydra: Funding the Lithium Ion Supply Chain in an Era of Unprecedented Volatility

10.5772/intechopen.92891 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chris Berry

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Chemical Conversion ◽

Raw Material ◽

Battery Cell ◽

Exogenous Shocks ◽

China Trade ◽

The Us ◽

Difficult Challenge

The lithium ion supply chain is set to grow in both size and importance over the coming decade due to government-led efforts to decarbonize economies and declining costs of lithium ion batteries used in electronics and transportation. With forecasts of demand for lithium chemicals alone forecast to grow by three times later this decade, at least $10B USD is needed to flow into the upstream supply chain to ensure an efficient and timely build-out. Significant additional capital is needed for other portions of the supply chain such as other raw materials, cathode or anode production, and battery cell manufacturing. Recent exogenous shocks such as the US-China trade war and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have made securing adequate capital for the supply chain a difficult challenge. Without the steady stream of funding for new mine and chemical conversion capacity, widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could be put at risk. This paper discusses the current structure of the lithium ion supply chain with a focus on raw material production and the need for and challenges associated with securing adequate capital in an industry that has, to date, not experienced such a robust growth profile.

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Integrated Anode Electrode Composited Cu–Sn Alloy and Separator for Microscale Lithium Ion Batteries

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12040603 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 603 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yuxia Liu ◽

Kai Jiang ◽

Shuting Yang

Keyword(s):

Current Density ◽

Active Material ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Cycle Performance ◽

Electrode Structure ◽

Microelectronic Devices ◽

Anode Electrode ◽

Integrated Anode ◽

A Current

A novel integrated electrode structure was designed and synthesized by direct electrodepositing of Cu–Sn alloy anode materials on the Celgard 2400 separator (Cel-CS electrode). The integrated structure of the Cel-CS electrode not only greatly simplifies the battery fabrication process and increases the energy density of the whole electrode, but also buffers the mechanical stress caused by volume expansion of Cu–Sn alloy active material; thus, effectively preventing active material falling off from the substrate and improving the cycle stability of the electrode. The Cel-CS electrode exhibits excellent cycle performance and superior rate performance. A capacity of 728 mA·h·g−1 can be achieved after 250 cycles at the current density of 100 mA·g−1. Even cycled at a current density of 5 A·g−1 for 650 cycles, the Cel-CS electrode maintained a specific capacity of 938 mA·h·g−1, which illustrates the potential application prospects of the Cel-CS electrode in microelectronic devices and systems.

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Competitive Performance by a New Non-Transitions Metal Doped Cathodic Material LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.09Mg0.01O2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v69.2429 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sethuprakhash V. ◽

Mustapha, R. ◽

Shaari, H. R.

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

High Performance ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Solid State Reaction Method ◽

Magnesium Content ◽

Electrical Performance ◽

Cathodic Material ◽

Metal Doped ◽

Cobalt Nickel Oxide ◽

Charge Discharge

Lithium cobalt nickel oxide cathodes had been doped with various metals in recent years to obtain a competitive high performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Cathodes doped with Al and Mg were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. Structural investigation of this material was done using XRD. Galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry were studied in order to outline the electrical performance of LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.09Mg0.01O2, LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.06Mg0.04O2 and LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.03Mg0.07O2 materials in lithium-ion batteries. Electrical impedance was done on all the materials and it gave decreasing conductivities with increasing temperature. The activation energies had negative values with increased magnesium content of the material. Larger conductivity variation with temperature was seen in the material with the higher magnesium content. Voltammographs of these materials showed good oxidation and reduction loops. Charge/discharge curve for LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.09Mg0.01O2 material showed about 96 mAh/g of discharge capacity for the first cycle.

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The Use of Succinonitrile as an Electrolyte Additive for Composite-Fiber Membranes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10030045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jahaziel Villarreal ◽

Roberto Orrostieta Chavez ◽

Sujay A. Chopade ◽

Timothy P. Lodge ◽

Mataz Alcoutlabi

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Composite Fiber ◽

Galvanostatic Charge ◽

Lithium Anode ◽

Charge Discharge ◽

Licoo2 Cathode

In the present work, the effect of temperature and additives on the ionic conductivity of mixed organic/ionic liquid electrolytes (MOILEs) was investigated by conducting galvanostatic charge/discharge and ionic conductivity experiments. The mixed electrolyte is based on the ionic liquid (IL) (EMI/TFSI/LiTFSI) and organic solvents EC/DMC (1:1 v/v). The effect of electrolyte type on the electrochemical performance of a LiCoO2 cathode and a SnO2/C composite anode in lithium anode (or cathode) half-cells was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of 5 wt.% succinonitrile (SN) resulted in enhanced ionic conductivity of a 60% EMI-TFSI 40% EC/DMC MOILE from ~14 mS·cm−1 to ~26 mS·cm−1 at room temperature. Additionally, at a temperature of 100 °C, an increase in ionic conductivity from ~38 to ~69 mS·cm−1 was observed for the MOILE with 5 wt% SN. The improvement in the ionic conductivity is attributed to the high polarity of SN and its ability to dissolve various types of salts such as LiTFSI. The galvanostatic charge/discharge results showed that the LiCoO2 cathode with the MOILE (without SN) exhibited a 39% specific capacity loss at the 50th cycle while the LiCoO2 cathode in the MOILE with 5 wt.% SN showed a decrease in specific capacity of only 14%. The addition of 5 wt.% SN to the MOILE with a SnO2/C composite-fiber anode resulted in improved cycling performance and rate capability of the SnO2/C composite-membrane anode in lithium anode half-cells. Based on the results reported in this work, a new avenue and promising outcome for the future use of MOILEs with SN in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be opened.

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Investigating the Influence of Different Coating Surface Densities of Electrodes on Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage ◽

10.1115/1.4045254 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Yanping Dang ◽

Wangyu Liu ◽

Weigui Xie ◽

Weiping Qiu

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Performance ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Surface Density ◽

Active Material ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Aluminum Foil ◽

Coating Surface ◽

Allowable Range ◽

Polypropylene Separator

Abstract The anode and cathode pieces are vital components of lithium-ion batteries. The coating surface density of active material is a significant parameter involved during the fabrication of electrodes and has considerable impact on battery performance. In this paper, anode and cathode pieces are prepared with different surface densities within the allowable range. The anode and cathode pieces are first graded respectively and then matched up according to different surface density ranges. Afterward, the electrodes are assembled with commercial polypropylene separator in 18,650 cell case and infused with electrolyte. The cathode is constituted with a mixture of nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) ternary material and lithium manganese oxide coated on aluminum foil, while the anode is composed of graphite coated on copper foil. The electrochemical performance and safety properties were tested to investigate the influence of the coating surface density of electrodes and optimize the electrochemical performance by regulating the matching surface density of electrodes. The results indicate that larger surface density of both cathode and anode can provide better battery consistency, while smaller surface density can contribute to better specific capacity and smaller capacity loss after cycling. Modest cost and superior properties can be achieved for lithium-ion batteries by reasonably matching the surface density of anodes and cathodes pieces.

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Atomic Layer Deposition of NiO to Produce Active Material for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings9050301 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 301 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yury Koshtyal ◽

Denis Nazarov ◽

Ilya Ezhov ◽

Ilya Mitrofanov ◽

Artem Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Atomic Layer Deposition ◽

Oxygen Plasma ◽

Active Material ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Atomic Layer ◽

Cyclic Voltammograms ◽

X Ray ◽

Layer Deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) provides a promising route for depositing uniform thin-film electrodes for Li-ion batteries. In this work, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) nickel(II) (Ni(MeCp)2) and bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel(II) (NiCp2) were used as precursors for NiO ALD. Oxygen plasma was used as a counter-reactant. The films were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the optimal temperature for the deposition for NiCp2 was 200–300 °C, but the optimal Ni(MeCp)2 growth per ALD cycle was 0.011–0.012 nm for both precursors at 250–300 °C. The films deposited using NiCp2 and oxygen plasma at 300 °C using optimal ALD condition consisted mainly of stoichiometric polycrystalline NiO with high density (6.6 g/cm3) and low roughness (0.34 nm). However, the films contain carbon impurities. The NiO films (thickness 28–30 nm) deposited on stainless steel showed a specific capacity above 1300 mAh/g, which is significantly more than the theoretical capacity of bulk NiO (718 mAh/g) because it includes the capacity of the NiO film and the pseudo-capacity of the gel-like solid electrolyte interface film. The presence of pseudo-capacity and its increase during cycling is discussed based on a detailed analysis of cyclic voltammograms and charge–discharge curves (U(C)).

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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on the Performance Degradation of LiFePO4/Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Due to Charge-Discharge Cycling under Different C-Rates

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12234507 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 4507 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yusuke Abe ◽

Natsuki Hori ◽

Seiji Kumagai

Keyword(s):

Charge Transfer ◽

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Performance Degradation ◽

Charge Transfer Resistance ◽

Transfer Resistance ◽

Charge Discharge

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using a LiFePO4 cathode and graphite anode were assembled in coin cell form and subjected to 1000 charge-discharge cycles at 1, 2, and 5 C at 25 °C. The performance degradation of the LIB cells under different C-rates was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy. The most severe degradation occurred at 2 C while degradation was mitigated at the highest C-rate of 5 C. EIS data of the equivalent circuit model provided information on the changes in the internal resistance. The charge-transfer resistance within all the cells increased after the cycle test, with the cell cycled at 2 C presenting the greatest increment in the charge-transfer resistance. Agglomerates were observed on the graphite anodes of the cells cycled at 2 and 5 C; these were more abundantly produced in the former cell. The lower degradation of the cell cycled at 5 C was attributed to the lowered capacity utilization of the anode. The larger cell voltage drop caused by the increased C-rate reduced the electrode potential variation allocated to the net electrochemical reactions, contributing to the charge-discharge specific capacity of the cells.

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Analysis of Long-Range Interaction in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage ◽

10.1115/1.4035198 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Aashutosh Mistry ◽

Daniel Juarez-Robles ◽

Malcolm Stein ◽

Kandler Smith ◽

Partha P. Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Mesoscale Model ◽

Electronic Conductivity ◽

Active Material ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Microstructural Characterization ◽

Range Interaction ◽

Electron Conduction ◽

Conductive Additive ◽

And Performance

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode represents a complex porous composite, consisting of multiple phases including active material (AM), conductive additive, and polymeric binder. This study proposes a mesoscale model to probe the effects of the cathode composition, e.g., the ratio of active material, conductive additive, and binder content, on the electrochemical properties and performance. The results reveal a complex nonmonotonic behavior in the effective electrical conductivity as the amount of conductive additive is increased. Insufficient electronic conductivity of the electrode limits the cell operation to lower currents. Once sufficient electron conduction (i.e., percolation) is achieved, the rate performance can be a strong function of ion-blockage effect and pore phase transport resistance. Even for the same porosity, different arrangements of the solid phases may lead to notable difference in the cell performance, which highlights the need for accurate microstructural characterization and composite electrode preparation strategies.

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