Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-186
Author(s):  
Luciano Pinotti ◽  
◽  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Nicoletta Rovere ◽  
Francesca Fumagalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Feed Samples

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tumukunde ◽  
G. Ma ◽  
D. Li ◽  
J. Yuan ◽  
L. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Control

Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.

scholarly journals Cultural and Genetic Approaches to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination: Recent Insights Provide Opportunities for Improved Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
pp. 1024-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Ojiambo ◽  
Paola Battilani ◽  
Jeffrey W. Cary ◽  
Burt H. Blum ◽  
Ignazio Carbone
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Antifungal Genes

Aspergillus flavus is a morphologically complex species that can produce the group of polyketide derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, as well as other secondary metabolites such as cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem. Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis when aflatoxins are ingested through contaminated food and feed. In addition, aflatoxin contamination is a major problem, from both an economic and health aspect, in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa, where cereals and peanuts are important food crops. Earlier measures for control of A. flavus infection and consequent aflatoxin contamination centered on creating unfavorable environments for the pathogen and destroying contaminated products. While development of atoxigenic (nonaflatoxin producing) strains of A. flavus as viable commercial biocontrol agents has marked a unique advance for control of aflatoxin contamination, particularly in Africa, new insights into the biology and sexuality of A. flavus are now providing opportunities to design improved atoxigenic strains for sustainable biological control of aflatoxin. Further, progress in the use of molecular technologies such as incorporation of antifungal genes in the host and host-induced gene silencing, is providing knowledge that could be harnessed to develop germplasm that is resistant to infection by A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. This review summarizes the substantial progress that has been made to understand the biology of A. flavus and mitigate aflatoxin contamination with emphasis on maize. Concepts developed to date can provide a basis for future research efforts on the sustainable management of aflatoxin contamination.

Microbial strategies to control aflatoxins in food and feed

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guan ◽  
T. Zhou ◽  
Y. Yin ◽  
M. Xie ◽  
Z. Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Biological Detoxification ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
And Control

Aflatoxins are a group of toxic and carcinogenic fungal metabolites. They are commonly found in cereals, nuts and animal feeds and create a significant threat to the food industry and animal production. Several strategies have been developed to avoid or reduce harmful effects of aflatoxins since the 1960s. However, prevention of aflatoxin contamination pre/post harvest or during storage has not been satisfactory and control strategies such as physical removing and chemical inactivating used in food commodities have their deficiencies, which limit their large scale application. It is expected that progress in the control of aflatoxin contamination will depend on the introduction of technologies for specific, efficient and environmentally sound detoxification. The utilisation of biological detoxification agents, such as microorganisms and/or their enzymatic products to detoxify aflatoxins in contaminated food and feed can be a choice of such technology. To date, many of the microbial strategies have only showed reduced concentration of aflatoxins and the structure and toxicity of the detoxified products are unclear. More attention should be paid to the detoxification reactions, the structure of biotransformed products and the enzymes responsible for the detoxification. In this article, microbial strategies for aflatoxin control such as microbial binding and microbial biotransformation are reviewed.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of AflatoxinogenicAspergillus parasiticusin Jordan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisreen Al-Hmoud ◽  
Mohammed A. Ibrahim ◽  
Hiyam Al-Rousan ◽  
Abbas Alseyah
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Dna Fragment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Feed Samples

Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens and produced by almost allAspergillus parasiticusisolates and about 35% ofAspergillus flavusisolates. Chemical methods are used for detection of aflatoxins in food and feed. These methods cannot detect aflatoxinogenic fungi in samples, which contain undetectable amounts of aflatoxins. The objective of this research work was to ascertain the importance of molecular and microbiological methods in detection of aflatoxinogenic fungusA. parasiticusin food and feed samples in Jordan. Specific media for the detection of aflatoxins showed the prevalence ofA. parasiticus(6–22%) in contaminated food and feed samples. HPLC method confirmed the presence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in food sample contaminated withA. parasiticus. Primer set OmtBII-F and OmtBII-R amplified DNA fragment of 611 base pairs from genomic DNA of aflatoxinogenicA. parasiticusisolated from food and feed samples but could not amplify DNA fragment of nonaflatoxinogenicA. flavus. The results of this study showed the prevalence of aflatoxinogenicA. parasiticusin food and feed samples in Jordan and give further evidence of suitability of microbiological and molecular methods in detection of aflatoxins, which are reliable low-cost approach to determine food and feed biosafety.

Low Molecular Weight Microfibers with Light Sensing Properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-658
Author(s):  
Andrei Bejan ◽  
Dragos Peptanariu ◽  
Bogdan Chiricuta ◽  
Elena Bicu ◽  
Dalila Belei
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Light Sensing ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds

Microfibers were obtained from organic low molecular weight compounds based on heteroaromatic and aromatic rings connected by aliphatic spacers. The obtaining of microfibers was proved by scanning electron microscopy. The deciphering of the mechanism of microfiber formation has been elucidated by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. By exciting with light of different wavelength, florescence microscopy revealed a specific optical response, recommending these materials for light sensing applications.

Inhibitors of Cholinesterases in Pharmacology: the Current Trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 1532-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Pohanka
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽  
Wide Group ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Inhibitors of cholinesterases are a wide group of low molecular weight compounds with a significant role in the current pharmacology. Besides the pharmacological importance, they are also known as toxic compounds like military nerve agents. In the pharmacology, drugs for Alzheimer disease, myasthenia gravis and prophylaxis of poisoning by nerve agents can be mentioned as the relevant applications. Besides this, anti-inflammation and antiphrastic drugs are other pharmacological applications of these inhibitors. This review is focused on a survey of cholinesterase inhibitors with known or expected pharmacological impact and indications of their use. Recent literature with comments is provided here as well.

scholarly journals Holistic Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT): Development and Use for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Petr G. Lokhov ◽  
Dmitry L. Maslov ◽  
Steven Lichtenberg ◽  
Oxana P. Trifonova ◽  
Elena E. Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds

A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is developed and used within a single laboratory. The holistic metabolomic LDT integrating the currently available data on human metabolic pathways, changes in the concentrations of low-molecular-weight compounds in the human blood during diseases and other conditions, and their prevalent location in the body was developed. That is, the LDT uses all of the accumulated metabolic data relevant for disease diagnosis and high-resolution mass spectrometry with data processing by in-house software. In this study, the LDT was applied to diagnose early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD), which currently lacks available laboratory tests. The use of the LDT for blood plasma samples confirmed its ability for such diagnostics with 73% accuracy. The diagnosis was based on relevant data, such as the detection of overrepresented metabolite sets associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the ability of the LDT to detect normal composition of low-molecular-weight compounds in blood was demonstrated, thus providing a definition of healthy at the molecular level. This LDT approach as a screening tool can be used for the further widespread testing for other diseases, since ‘omics’ tests, to which the metabolomic LDT belongs, cover a variety of them.

scholarly journals The role of edible insects to mitigate challenges for sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Raquel P. F. Guiné ◽  
Paula Correia ◽  
Catarina Coelho ◽  
Cristina A. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
World Population ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Strong Component ◽  
Human Food ◽  
The World ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Recent Trends

Abstract This review is focused on the utilization of insects as a new opportunity in food and feed products, including their commercialization both in traditional and new markets. It has been suggested that insects are considerably more sustainable when compared with other sources of animal protein, thus alleviating the pressure over the environment and the planet facing the necessity to feed the world population, constantly increasing. Many chefs have adhered to the trend of using insects in their culinary preparations, bringing insects to the plan of top gastronomy, highlighting their organoleptic qualities allied to a recognized high nutritional value. However, in some markets, insects or insect-based products are not readily accepted because of neophobia and disgust. Moreover, the insect markets, farming, and commercialization are experiencing a huge growth, in which the domain of animal feed is undoubtedly a very strong component. The future of insects as human food and animal feed seems promising in view of the recent trends and challenges.

scholarly journals Relation between Feed Particle Size Distribution and Plumage Condition in Laying Hens on Commercial Farms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Ruben Schreiter ◽  
Klaus Damme ◽  
Markus Freick
Keyword(s):  
Damage Control ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
And Control ◽  
Feed Samples

In this cross-sectional study, 103 complete feed samples from laying hen herds affected by plumage damage as an indirect measure for severe feather pecking (affected herds; AH, n = 37) and control herds without plumage damage (control herd; CH, n = 66) of commercial German farms were examined by dry sieve and nutrient analysis. AH showed higher percentages of particles >2.50 mm (mean ± SD, CH: 11.0 ± 8.5%, AH: 24.9 ± 14.3%) and 2.00–2.50 mm (CH: 11.2 ± 5.3%, AH: 15.7 ± 5.7%), but lower proportions of fractions 1.01–1.60 mm (CH: 22.9 ± 4.9%, AH: 17.8 ± 5.7%), 0.51–1.00 mm (CH: 25.5 ± 8.2%, AH: 16.0 ± 6.8%) and ≤0.50 mm (CH: 15.4 ± 5.0%, AH: 11.0 ± 4.8%) (p < 0.001). Diets of AH had a higher geometric mean diameter (GMD) compared to CH (AH: 1470.8 ± 343.9 μm; CH: 1113.3 ± 225.7 μm) (p < 0.001). Contents of crude ash (CH: 130.3 ± 18.8 g/kg, AH: 115.9 ± 24.3 g/kg), lysine (CH: 8.2 ± 1.0 g/kg, AH: 7.7 ± 1.2 g/kg), methionine (CH: 3.4 ± 0.5 g/kg, AH: 3.2 ± 0.6 g/kg) and sodium (CH: 1.7 ± 0.4 g/kg, AH: 1.3 ± 0.4 g/kg) were lower in AH (p ≤ 0.041). In a logistic regression model, animal age (p = 0.041) and GMD (p < 0.001) were significant factors on the occurrence of plumage damage.

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