scholarly journals Mujeres patrióticas en la Rusia de 1917 = Patriotic Women in the Russia of 1917

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Montserrat Huguet

Resumen: En 1917, en plena Guerra Mundial, los países occidentales perciben los episodios de agitación social generalizada como un daño contagioso. Conmocionan las imágenes que se captan en Rusia: los muertos en la calle, los obreros dominando las plazas públicas, las mujeres defendiendo con las armas el palacio del Zar o peleando en las calles. Mientras las mujeres occidentales enlazaban sus luchas en una suerte de continuidad, las activistas rusas habían avanzado posiciones en la demanda de responsabilidades en el esfuerzo de guerra y en la inserción en el ejército. Luciendo estas mujeres la cabeza rapada, el pecho bien apretado bajo la ropa militar y apostura varonil, bajo el Gobierno Provisional el Ministro de Kerenski autoriza la organización de los Batallones de Mujeres, Batallones de la Muerte, para luchar en el frente. Una campesina, María Bochkareva, lideró estas unidades. Con la Revolución, sin embargo, el Ejército Rojo desarticula los Batallones, y purga a estas mujeres, al considerarlas representantes de la burguesía. En estas páginas se narra la coyuntura histórica que vio nacer a los Batallones de Bochkareva, se revisa la tradición del activismo ruso y el periplo vital de algunas voluntarias rusas en la Primera Guerra Mundial. También los hechos revolucionarios que modifican la suerte de las mujeres soldado durante la Guerra Civil, y la creación internacional del mito de la heroína rusa a partir de la figura de María Bochkareva. A pie de página, la bibliografía aportada en las notas sirve de punto de partida para una futura reflexión sobre los modos del activismo feminista menos habituales en la experiencia contemporánea, y de entre los cuales destaca este del ejercicio voluntario de la violencia.Palabras claves: Primera Guerra Mundial, Rusia, Gobierno Provisional, Revolución, 1917, Batallones de Mujeres de la Muerte, Bochkareva.Summary: In 1917, with the First World War still raging, Western countries perceived the episodes of generalised social agitation as contagious destruction. The images captured in Russia were shocking: dead in the street, workers dominating public squares, women defending the Czar’s Palace, bearing weapons and fighting in the streets. While Western women were creating links through diverse struggles, Russian activists had advanced their positions demanding for responsibilities in the war effort and insertion into the army. Showing their heads shaven, their chests tightly wrapped under military clothing and their manly looks, the Battalions of Women, Battalions of Death, were formed under the Provisional Government and Minister Kerensky and were authorised to fight on the front. It was the peasant Maria Bochkareva who led these units. With the Revolution, however, the Red Army dismantled the Battalions and purged the women in them, considering them as representatives of the bourgeoisie. This paper describes the historical context of the emergent Battalions of Bochkareva and reviews the tradition of Russian activism and the vital journey of some Russian volunteers in the First World War. Furthermore, it reviews revolutionary facts impacting the fate of women soldiers during the Civil War and the international creation of the myth of the Russian heroine from the figure of Maria Bochkareva. The bibliography provided in the footnotes may be a starting point for a future reflection on those modes of feminist activism, which are unusual in contemporary women’s experience, including the voluntary exercise of violence.Key words: First World War, Russia, Provisional Government, Revolution, 1917, Women’s Battalion of Death, Bochkareva.

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-38
Author(s):  
Anthony Rimmington

Although unprecedented in scale and ambition, Stalin’s offensive biological warfare program was not an isolated phenomenon. It can instead be viewed as a response to, and extension of, the biological sabotage programs pursued during the First World War by Germany. During the nearly three-decade period of Stalin’s leadership (1924-1953), two distinct, and highly compartmentalized, components of the Soviet Union’s offensive biological warfare program are in evidence. The main strand was launched by the Red Army in Moscow in 1926 and is very well-documented with numerous archival and secondary sources available. There is in addition a second, earlier and much more ephemeral strand, which is based in Leningrad, which was mainly concealed within the RSFSR People’s Commissariat of Health (RSFSR Narkomzdrav) and the Red Army’s Military-Medical Academy.


Maska ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (200) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Miha Turk

With an influx of refugees from the Middle East and Syria in particular it is important to understand their recent history so as to familiarize our audience with historical context that helped shape the contemporary conflict. The article is composed of an accessible and non-formalized narrative of the so called ‘Arab revolt’ where Arab rebels sided with the Entente forces in a bid to gain independence from the Ottomans on the side of the Central powers. Their bid was ultimately betrayed as the war ended with colonization from the their former allies - the French and the British. This betrayal is still very much alive and fueling the modern conflict and general distrust of the West. The Great War fundamentally changed the Middle East much more than the second war though its effect and aftermath are for the greater part unfamiliar to the general public. The article aims at adding the ‘Middle East’ piece to the general imaginarium pertaining the First World War.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Jenkins

This thesis evaluates four photographic albums created by Canadian military personnel who served in the First World War from 1914-1918, housed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The albums depict the personnel’s time spent in overseas service during the First World War and reflect their personal representations of the conflict. The evaluation of these photographic albums supports the argument that stronger historical context, and in turn a stronger collective memory of the event, can be developed by deep exploration of how active Canadian military personnel of the war chose to remember the event through the subject matter depicted within their albums.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Jenkins

This thesis evaluates four photographic albums created by Canadian military personnel who served in the First World War from 1914-1918, housed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The albums depict the personnel’s time spent in overseas service during the First World War and reflect their personal representations of the conflict. The evaluation of these photographic albums supports the argument that stronger historical context, and in turn a stronger collective memory of the event, can be developed by deep exploration of how active Canadian military personnel of the war chose to remember the event through the subject matter depicted within their albums.


2020 ◽  
pp. 24-49
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi

This chapter places the incarceration of Germans in the British Empire during the First World War into global and historical context. It looks back to the birth of the practice of internment in imperial wars involving Britain, the USA, and Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It traces the path to the use of British incarceration during the First World War and demonstrates how this conflict acted as a key turning point in the history of civilian confinement, making it normal wartime practice. Civilian incarceration continued in the post-war period, especially in the fall-out from the Second World War and the collapsing colonial empires, while by the twenty-first century camps have become a weapon against refugees. The chapter demonstrates how the British Empire globalized and normalized civilian incarceration during the Great War and therefore argues that it played a key role in the normalization of this process.


Author(s):  
Iain Scobbie

This chapter initially examines philosophical approaches to the international use of force in an historical context before examining the development of the doctrine of collective security as the unifying value of international relations at the end of the First World War and subsequently. States’ right of self-defence is seen as an exception to this doctrine. Drawing on analytical legal theory and theories of legal reasoning, it explores the nature of an exception to a rule. This classification can be difficult to identify as legal propositions can compete rather than exist in a hierarchical rule-exception relationship. The parameters of self-defence as an exception to the doctrine of collective security and the prohibition on the use of force is explored in this light, casting doubt on the validity of contemporary attempts to expand self-defence to justify extra-territorial attacks on non-state actors within states deemed unwilling or unable to curb their hostile activity.


2018 ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Anthony Rimmington

There is substantive evidence of the long-term integration of veterinary microbiological facilities within the USSR’s biological warfare programs. The initial impetus to this process were the concerns of the early Soviet regime over BW sabotage attacks by Germany in the First World War. In December 1918, the Red Army created its own military veterinary facility which was eventually transferred to Zagorsk. BW research also appears to have been pursued at a civil laboratory on Lisii Island close to the town of Vyshny Volochek.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 563-585
Author(s):  
Stamatis Chatzitoulousis ◽  
Vlasis Vlasidis ◽  
Apostolos Sarris ◽  
Kalliopi Efkleidou ◽  
Eleni Kotjabopoulou ◽  
...  

AbstractFollowing recent excavations and geophysical prospection at Idomeni in the Kilkis prefecture of Northern Greece, this paper attempts to reconstruct through digital means, the tangible and intangible vestiges of historical episodes that come together to form multiple narratives of a diachronically terra incognita site, gradually unlocking its hidden secrets. The digital documentation and processing, with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), of the spatial remains associated with historical episodes demonstrate the ways in which space at Idomeni was used within a multifaceted, diachronic framework. It is a place that is constantly being transformed over the past 7000 years from a seemingly “peaceful” agricultural community during the Neolithic period to a burial ground for a still invisible Middle Byzantine settlement, and finally, as a place of violence having been one of the battlefields of the First World War. The story of Idomeni has only recently been concluded as the theatre of a dramatic influx of modern refugees. Thus, the “multilayered” identity of a mnemonic place with various representations of the past unfolds: on one hand the distant eras, such as the still unknown Neolithic and Middle Byzantine period, and on the other, the relatively recent “traumatic” (war-related) past. Within the specific historical context of the First World War, this paper discusses the management of memories of locals and non-locals, e.g. the disappearance of entire settlements, or the emergence of new toponyms related to the protagonists and their actions during the war in the area of Idomeni remaining in the memory of locals today.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-105

The article discusses a neglected aspect in the history of the Second World War and the role of Armenians and their motivation to fight against the Nazi Germany. The author suggests that the memory of the Genocide against the Armenians perpetratrated by Turkey in the First World War with connivence from Germany played an important role in the memory of Soviet Armenians enrolled in the Red Army. This is one of the explanations why the present day Republic of Armenia still maintains – from different reasons – the name The Great Patriotic War instead of Second World War, like Russia.


Author(s):  
Shannon Pruden

The buildings Taut designed in the late 1920s bear few visible similarities to the expressionistic building and city plans he sketched during and immediately following the First World War. As such, Taut’s works are often separated into distinct stylistic periods. This categorization cloaks Taut’s continued commitment to socialist utopian ideals. This paper treats Taut’s expressionist period as a self-conscious attempt to clarify his architectural and socialist convictions. By situating Taut’s successive architectural phases in historical context, this paper will show how the ideas Taut explored during his expressionist phase continued to influence the design of the residential housing complexes he built with GEHAG in the late 1920s by analyzing his Britz Horseshoe Estate.


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