Optimization of Apparent Peak Viscosity in Carboxymethyl Cellulose Fracturing Fluid: Interactions of High Total Dissolved Solids, pH Value, and Crosslinker Concentration

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Pica ◽  
C.. Terry ◽  
K.. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
Polymer Loading ◽  
Crosslinker Concentration ◽  
Reducing Costs

Summary It has been common practice to use a freshwater source (either ground water or surface water) as the base fluid for hydraulic fracturing with crosslinked-gel fluids. Currently, oil and gas operators are beginning to reuse and recycle the main byproduct of oil extraction, which is produced water. However, because of the high variability of produced-water quality (temporal and spatial), and the high content of total dissolved solids (TDS), the viscosity targets for the fluid can be difficult to achieve. The research described in this paper examines the sensitivity of higher-salinity waters to several variables related to the gel-formation process. The polymer used for the gel fluid was a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derivative, and zirconium (Zr) was used as the crosslinking metal. Rheology experiments were conducted at different pH values, polymer loading, and crosslinker concentrations. The outcome of this research is presented in 3D contour-peak-viscosity maps that can be used by oil and gas operators and service companies to optimize the chemicals that are applied, thus reducing costs.

DETERMINING SOURCES OF BARIUM AND OTHER DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCED WATER USING STABLE BARIUM ISOTOPES

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Stewart ◽  
◽  
Zachary G. Tieman ◽  
Rosemary C. Capo ◽  
Rebecca M. Matecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Dissolved Solids

scholarly journals Total Bacteria of Lactic Acid, Total Acid, pH Value, Syneresis, Total Dissolved Solids and Organoleptic Properties of Yoghurt Back Slooping Method

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Rizki Adrianto ◽  
Damar Wiraputra ◽  
Masmulki Daniro Jyoti ◽  
Arifia Zulaika Andaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Organoleptic Test

This study aims to determine the total lactic acid bacteria, total acid, pH value, syneresis, and organoleptic properties of yogurt using the back slooping method. Experiments were made by taking bacteria from yogurt products (biocul) with variations in the incubation time of room temperature, 37 oC, 40 oC, 45 oC, and 37 oC to 40 oC. The results of the analysis on total lactic acid bacteria, total acid, pH value, and viscosity of yoghurt with the back slooping method gave different results. Meanwhile, the organoleptic test used the hedonic level of preference, which included aroma, color, texture, and overall acceptance. Total lactic acid bacteria 8,03-8,29 log CFU / ml; total acid 0.95-1.26%; pH value 3.70-4.78; total dissolved solids 10.1-12.0%; Organoleptic test with the level of preference including color, aroma, texture and overall acceptance, obtained a preference score of 4, which means like. Based on the organoleptic test, it can be concluded that the best quality of yogurt with the back-loop method of incubation temperature of yogurt B5 with an incubation temperature of 37 oC to 40 oC

scholarly journals Resident Vehicles: A New Directive for Subsea Operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Alan Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
And Control ◽  
Field Planning

AbstractThe extended downturn experienced by the oil and gas industry has forced operators and service companies to look at new ways to operate more efficiently. Reductions in personnel and assets have led to a rethink of how operations are conducted to support operations offshore. A newer concept of resident vehicle operations is changing the way the industry approaches the inspection, maintenance, and repair market. The resulting technology advances to support the enablement of resident vehicle programs are expected to change the planning, staging, and deployment of personnel and equipment to support offshore operations. How companies interact with these advanced remote systems is migrating field planning back toward a centralized command and control feature set. This allows for shared resources to be used for multiple activities, thereby reducing costs and enabling more efficient operations.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Water–Rock Interactions of Coalbed-Produced Water Derived from the Dafosi Biogenic Gas Field in the Southern Margin of Ordos Basin, China

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yuan Bao ◽  
Chao An ◽  
Chaoyong Wang ◽  
Chen Guo ◽  
Wenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Ordos Basin ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Biogenic Gas ◽  
Coal Organic Matter

The hydrogeochemical characteristics of coalbed-produced water can provide insights into the sources of ions and water, the groundwater environments, hydrodynamic conditions, and water-rock interactions of depositional basins. To study the water-rock reaction process and reveal whether there is a microbial activity in the groundwater, a case of the Dafosi biogenic gas field was chosen by testing the ionic concentrations and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of coalbed-produced water and employing R-type cluster and principal component analyses. The results showed that Na+, Cl − , and HCO3- are the principal ions in the coalbed-produced water, while the water type is mainly a Na–Cl. Due to the hydrolysis of HCO3-, the pH in this region was controlled primarily by HCO3-. As the main cation in water, Na+ contributed substantially to the total dissolved solids. Na+ is also related to the exchange between rock-bound Na+ and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water or surrounding rocks. The coalbed-produced water’s oxygen isotopes displayed a characteristic 18O drift and enrichment, indicating that the 16O isotope in the water was preferentially exchanged with the coal organic matter. Early evaporation is also contributed to the enrichment of TDS (total dissolved solids) and 18O in the water. The central part of the study area, including the Qijia anticline, was affected by the Yanshanian uplift and denudation and subsequently developed a water-conducting fissure zone and was recharged atmospheric precipitation; these conditions were conducive to the formation of secondary biogenic gas.

scholarly journals Production of bioethanol from wild cassava crude starch (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) using different microbial types and fermentation times

2021 ◽  
Vol 913 (1) ◽  
pp. 012032
Author(s):  
S V Mellicha ◽  
I B W Gunam ◽  
N S Antara ◽  
I W Arnata
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Cassava Plant ◽  
Manihot Glaziovii

Abstract Wild cassava (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) is one of the varieties of cassava that contains toxic compounds cyanogenic glucosides, which cause unmarketable food products more suitable to be processed into bioethanol. This wild cassava plant produces tubers four times in weight compared to that of ordinary cassava, and the flesh contains about 40–70% starch by dry weight. This study aimed to determine the effect of the microbial types and fermentation times on bioethanol production from M. glaziovii Muell. Arg crude starch and to determine the type of microbes and fermentation time that can produce the highest bioethanol product from M. glaziovii Muell. Arg crude starch. This study consists of two factors using a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was the type of microbe which consists of 2 different microbes, namely R5I3 isolates and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763. The second factor was the fermentation time which consists of 4 levels, namely 3, 4, 5 and 6 days. The observed parameters were total dissolved solids value, pH value, reducing sugar content, and ethanol content. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests. The results showed that fermentation using R5I3 isolates with a fermentation time of 5 days was the best treatment to obtain a maximum ethanol of 21.64±3.03 g/L, with a final pH value of 4.70±0.14, total dissolved solids 4.10±0.14°Brix and reducing sugar content of 0.91±0.02 g/L. Therefore, the new isolate R513 was highly potential for producing bioethanol from wild cassava crude starch.

scholarly journals Application of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor and Fixed Bed Hybrid Biological Reactor for Oilfield Produced Water Treatment: Influence of Total Dissolved Solids Concentration

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7297
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lusinier ◽  
Isabelle Seyssiecq ◽  
Cecilia Sambusiti ◽  
Matthieu Jacob ◽  
Nicolas Lesage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
Oilfield Produced Water

This experimental paper deals with the development of a hybrid biological reactor for the treatment of a synthetic oilfield produced water under an increase in total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration. To comply with strengthening regulations concerning produced water discharge and peculiar produced water compositions, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) consisting in a combination of free activated sludge and moving biofilm supports was compared to a fixed bed hybrid biological reactor (FBHBR) consisting in a combination of free activated sludge and a fixed biofilm support. After a 216 days experimental period, the MBBR and the FBHBR were efficient to treat a synthetic produced water with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate above 90% under an increase in TDS concentrations from 1.5 to 20 g·L−1. Ecotoxicity measurements on freshwater and marine microorganisms revealed an absence of toxicity on treated waters. A decrease in bacterial diversity indices with respect to the inoculum was observed in both bioreactors. This suggests that the increase in TDS concentrations caused the predominance of a low number of bacterial species.

scholarly journals Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader S. Al-Anzi ◽  
Litty Abraham ◽  
A. Bamanga
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Compartment ◽  
Potable Water Quality

Abstract Boiling potable water utilizing 11 household/office electrical kettles for sterilization and aesthetic purposes is common among all age groups. However, the effect of continued boiling of the same water multiple times utilizing household electrical kettles on potable water quality has not been investigated previously; thus, the current study experimentally investigates the effect of reboiling potable water seven times on potable water quality. Kettle H (Dexon) recorded the highest concentration increase in Cl− and of 62.5 and 104%, respectively. In the case of cations, kettles I (Dexon Glass) and H (Dexon) recorded the highest concentration values for Na+ (48.8 ppm) ion in comparison with Ca2+ (31.8 ppm; kettle K (Moulinex)) and Mg2+ (5.8 ppm; kettles I and H). Kettles A (Sharp) and E (Black + Decker) showed a total dissolved solids (TDS) value of 34 ppm and a pH value of 9.05, respectively, after the second boiling that is undesirable as per the permissible standards. It is observed that kettles with a water compartment made of stainless steel displayed values closer to the raw sample after one to two boiling as per anions, pH and TDS analyses. Moulinex, Tokyo, Wansa and Bosch showed the best results in the case of various analyses.

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