scholarly journals Effect of Soil Water Contents on Arsenic Accumulation in Phytoliths of Pteris Multifida and Phragmites Australis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Gi Min ◽  
Min-Suk Kim ◽  
Jeong-Gyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Arsenic Accumulation ◽  
Pteris Multifida ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Purpose: The encapsulation of toxic metal(loid)s in phytoliths represents a new area of research. The accumulation of metal(loid)s in phytoliths can alter the fate and toxicity of soil metal(loid). Pteris multifida is a well-known As hyperaccumulator which also harbors phytoliths. However, As accumulation in phytoliths has not yet been studied. Soil water content is considered the main factor influencing phytolith accumulation and also remains unexplored with respect to As accumulation in phytoliths. In this study, As concentration in the phytoliths of P. multifida was compared with that in Phragmites australis phytoliths as a function of the soil water content. Methods: P. multifida and P. australis were grown under different soil water contents. The As concentration in phytoliths, roots, and shoots of plants was then determined.Results: The range of As concentration in the phytoliths of P. multifida was 414.70 - 1610.74 mg kg-1, and that for P. australis phytoliths was 41.67 - 126.54 mg kg-1. In P. multifida, higher soil water content increased As accumulation in phytoliths but did not affect phytolith content in the plant. In P. australis, the higher soil water content increased phytolith content in the plant but decreased As concentration in phytoliths. Conclusion: This study suggests that P. multifida has higher As content in phytoliths than P. australis, and this accumulation can be affected by soil water content. The current findings provide insight into the accumulation of As in phytoliths and provide a theoretical basis for our understanding on the fate of As in the environment.

MITIGATION YIELD SCALED METHANE EMISSION FROM RICE GROWN IN WATER STRESS CONDITIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND SILICATE AMENDMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASLAM ALI ◽  
SANJIT CHANDRA BARMAN ◽  
MD. ASHRAFUL ISLAM KHAN ◽  
MD. BADIUZZAMAN KHAN ◽  
HAFSA JAHAN HIYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Climate change and water scarcity may badly affect existing rice production system in Bangladesh. With a view to sustain rice productivity and mitigate yield scaled CH4 emission in the changing climatic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted under different soil water contents, biochar and silicate amendments with inorganic fertilization (NPKS). In this regard, 12 treatments combinations of biochar, silicate and NPKS fertilizer along with continuous standing water (CSW), soil saturation water content and field capacity (100% and 50%) moisture levels were arranged into rice planted potted soils. Gas samples were collected from rice planted pots through Closed Chamber technique and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. This study revealed that seasonal CH4 emissions were suppressed through integrated biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50–75% of the recommended doze), while increased rice yield significantly at different soil water contents. Biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50% of the recommended doze) increased rice grain yield by 10.9%, 18.1%, 13.0% and 14.2%, while decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 22.8%, 20.9%, 23.3% and 24.3% at continuous standing water level (CSW) (T9), at saturated soil water content (T10), at 100% field capacity soil water content (T11) and at 50% field capacity soil water content (T12), respectively. Soil porosity, soil redox status, SOC and free iron oxide contents were improved with biochar and silicate amendments. Furthermore, rice root oxidation activity (ROA) was found more dominant in water stress condition compared to flooded and saturated soil water contents, which ultimately reduced seasonal CH4 emissions as well as yield scaled CH4 emission. Conclusively, soil amendments with biochar and silicate fertilizer may be a rational practice to reduce the demand for inorganic fertilization and mitigate CH4 emissions during rice cultivation under water stress drought conditions.

scholarly journals An empirical model for describing the influence of water content and concentration of sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) in soil on the total net CO2 efflux

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-358
Author(s):  
Miroslav Fér ◽  
Radka Kodešová ◽  
Barbora Kalkušová ◽  
Aleš Klement ◽  
Antonín Nikodem
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe the impact of the soil water content and sulfamethoxazole, SUL, (antibiotic) concentration in soil on the net CO2 efflux. Soil samples were taken from topsoils of a Haplic Fluvisol and Haplic Chernozem. Soil samples were packed into the steel cylinders. The net CO2 efflux was measured from these soil columns after application of fresh water or SUL solution at different soil water contents. The experiments were carried out in dark at 20°C. The trends in the net CO2 efflux varied for different treatments. While initially high values for water treatment exponentially decreased in time, values for solution treatment increased during the first 250–650 minutes and then decreased. The total net CO2 effluxes measured for 20 hours related to the soil water content followed the second order polynomial functions. The maximal values were measured for the soil water content of 0.15 cm3 cm−3 (Haplic Fluvisol with water or solution, Haplic Chernozem with solution) and 0.11 cm3 cm−3 (Haplic Chernozem with water). The ratios between values measured for solution and water at the same soil water contents exponentially increased with increasing SUL concentration in soils. This proved the increasing stimulative influence of SUL on soil microbial activity.

The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on a Field Population of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1927-1932
Author(s):  
Cai-hua Shi ◽  
Jing-rong Hu ◽  
You-jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Abstract The production of Chinese chives is reduced throughout China due to a root-feeding dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), therefore deciphering the conditions influencing its growth and development are important in developing ecological control strategies. A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to determine the relationship between the abundance of B. odoriphaga and temperature (atmospheric and soil), soil water content, and atmospheric humidity in a Chinese chive field in Beijing City, China. Numbers of adults peaked in March and October to November and were lowest in July to August and December to next February; numbers of larvae were highest in December to next February and lowest in July to August. From 2014 to 2017, the numbers of adults and larvae were significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric temperatures and soil temperatures, but were not significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric relative humidity and soil water content. However, for both adults and larvae, numbers were significantly greater with high soil water contents compared with drought treatment. The results of this study suggest that the very low soil water contents, high atmospheric temperatures, and high soil temperatures were critical for regulating field populations of B. odoriphaga.

Geostatistical Analysis of Soil Water Content in Natural and Secondary Forests of Changbai Mountain, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 464-468
Author(s):  
Yao Lei Wang ◽  
Ping Ting Guan ◽  
Si Wei Jiang ◽  
Xiao Ke Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Geostatistical Analysis ◽  
Changbai Mountain ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical analysis, we investigated the distribution properties of soil water contents in broad-leaved Korean Pine forest (A) and secondary Polar-Birch forest (B) in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. The results showed soil water content was significantly different between plots A and B (P < 0.05). The variation coefficient (CV) for soil water content was lower in plot A than in plot B at 0-10 cm depth, while the CV was higher in plot A than in plot B at 10-20 cm depth. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the exponential models were the optimality models for the soil water content in both plots. The spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total variance in soil water content in both plots. The autocorrelation range value for the semivariogram of soil water content was 8.9 m at 0-10 cm depth and 12.6 m at 10-20 cm depth in plot A, which was more than those in plot B (8.0 m) at both depths. Maps obtained by kriging showed that soil water contents in both plots exhibited different spatial distribution patterns. It could be conclude that the differences of rain time, precipitation form, topography and forest type may contributed to the distribution of soil water content in Changbai Mountain.

Long-term tillage and crop residue management in the subarctic: fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verlan L. Cochran ◽  
Elena B. Sparrow ◽  
Sharon F. Schlentner ◽  
Charles W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Methane Uptake ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Methane and nitrous oxide are important radiatively active gases that are influenced by agricultural practices. This study assesses long-term tillage, crop residue management, and N fertilization rates on the flux of these two gases at a high latitude site representing the northern fringe of large-scale agriculture. Cumulative methane uptake for the summer was higher from no-tillage plots than tilled plots. This was associated with lower soil water contents with tillage. Thus, the reduction in CH4 uptake was attributed to water stress on methane oxidizers. At planting, soil water contents were near field capacity, and the no-till plots had the lowest uptake which was attributed to restricted diffusion of methane to active sites. A similar pattern of methane uptake to soil water content was found with the residue management treatments. Removing the straw lowered the soil water content and for most of the season methane uptake was also lower than where the straw had been left on the plots. Nitrogen fertilizer rate had little effect on methane uptake over the summer, but high N rates lowered consumption during the time of active nitrification early in the season. This corresponded to the time of maximum efflux of nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide efflux was greatest at the high N rate where straw was retained on the plots. Key words: Methane, nitrous oxide, nitrification, denitrification, barley

scholarly journals Impacts of grass removal on wetting and actual water repellency in a sandy soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas Oostindie ◽  
Louis W. Dekker ◽  
Jan G. Wesseling ◽  
Violette Geissen ◽  
Coen J. Ritsema
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Abstract Soil water content and actual water repellency were assessed for soil profiles at two sites in a bare and grasscovered plot of a sand pasture, to investigate the impact of the grass removal on both properties. The soil of the plots was sampled six times in vertical transects to a depth of 33 cm between 23 May and 7 October 2002. On each sampling date the soil water contents were measured and the persistence of actual water repellency was determined of field-moist samples. Considerably higher soil water contents were found in the bare versus the grass-covered plots. These alterations are caused by differences between evaporation and transpiration rates across the plots. Noteworthy are the often excessive differences in soil water content at depths of 10 to 30 cm between the bare and grass-covered plots. These differences are a consequence of water uptake by the roots in the grass-covered plots. The water storage in the upper 19 cm of the bare soil was at least two times greater than in the grass-covered soil during dry periods. A major part of the soil profile in the grass-covered plots exhibited extreme water repellency to a depth of 19 cm on all sampling dates, while the soil profile of the bare plots was completely wettable on eight of the twelve sampling dates. Significant differences in persistence of actual water repellency were found between the grass-covered and bare plots.

scholarly journals Onion yield as a function of soil tillage system and soil water content

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Jardênia R. Feitosa ◽  
Haroldo C. Fernandes ◽  
Paulo R. Cecon ◽  
Daniel M. Leite ◽  
Filipe M. T. Nery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

ABSTRACT Excessive tillage operations under inadequate conditions can raise the cost of agricultural production and lead to soil degradation without adequate crop response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the onion crop response to soil water contents and tillage systems. Three tillage systems were evaluated: P1 (plowing + two harrowings + two seedbed raising operations), P2 (two harrowings + one seedbed raising operation), P3 (one harrowing + one seedbed raising operation); and four soil water contents: 12, 15, 23 and 26%. The experiment was conducted in the irrigated perimeter of Tourão, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil (9° 24’ 7.3” S; 40° 26’ 8.7” W and altitude of 368 m), in 2017, and was installed in split plots, in a randomized block design, with four repetitions. Water contents were arranged in the plots and tillage systems in the subplots. Crop response to the applied treatments was evaluated through the determination of the emergence speed index of the seedlings, regularity of the longitudinal distribution of seedlings, final stand, total and marketable yields of the crop and yield per bulb transverse diameter class. The variation of soil water content had a quadratic effect on the variables emergence speed index, final stand and total onion yield. The treatments did not significantly affect the longitudinal distribution of plants and marketable yield. The tillage system composed of one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation showed to be the most appropriate for onion cultivation by direct seeding.

Studies on the behavior and survival of Phytophthora cactorum in soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sneh ◽  
D. L. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

Sporangia and oospores of P. cactorum persisted for appreciable periods in soil at temperatures and soil water contents likely to prevail during a growing season.Mycelium lysed more rapidly as soil water content and temperature increased. Hyphae were not viable after 3 days incubation in wet soil at 29 °C but survived for at least 45 days at 4 °C.At soil water contents higher than 3.0 bars suction and at soil temperatures above 10 °C sporangia appeared on mycelium buried in soil. When soil moisture was reduced to 3.0 bars suction and temperature to 10 °C, oogonia were formed.Longevity of sporangia was reduced by increasing soil water content above 0.3 bars suction. Glucose added to soil induced germination of sporangia and germ tube elongation, while asparagine inhibited germination.Sporangia and oospores but not mycelium survived freezing temperatures in moist soil. Sporangia could not be recovered from soil which had been allowed to dry. Some oospores germinated after drying.

Consistent plant residue removal causes decrease in minimum soil water content in a Mediterranean environment

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Ward ◽  
Margaret Roper ◽  
Ramona Jongepier ◽  
Maria Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents ◽  
Residue Retention

AbstractResidue retention and no-till farming have been widely adopted to reduce erosion risk, but residue retention in particular is becoming less common due to issues with weed control, and competing markets for residue such as bioenergy production. For this reason, the impact of residue removal on soil water contents in a sandy soil in a Mediterranean-type environment was evaluated. Crop residues were removed by burning or conventional tillage annually in autumn (April or May) from 2008 until 2011. Surface residue cover and soil water contents were measured in summer (February-March) every year from 2008 until 2012, at the time of minimum soil water content (approaching air-dry). After three years of residue removal, average ground cover in the subsequent summers (2011 and 2012) decreased from 78% to 51%, and surface soil water contents decreased from 5.1% to 3.1%. Tillage also significantly decreased ground cover (from 72% to 58%) and soil water (from 4.2% to 3.9%) during the same time period. Changes in surface cover and soil water content indicate that residue removal will have implications for soil health and sustainable crop production.

Assessing corn seedbed conditions for emergence

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
R. de Jong ◽  
M. Tollenaar
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Seedbed temperature and moisture conditions affect crop emergence rate and stand establishment. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment arranged in a split plot design with four replications was conducted for 3 yr at four sites to measure corn emergence rate and stand establishment while monitoring seedbed temperature and soil water content in situ. Four planting dates, beginning as early as the soil could be worked and every 10 d thereafter, were the main plots and four corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids the subplots. Volumetric soil water content in the top 0.10 m was measured a minimum of two times per week using time domain reflectometry (TDR) and estimated daily using a budget model. Measured and estimated soil water contents were similar (R2 = 0.73) and daily estimated values were used in the analysis. Stand establishment for most planting date-site-years ranged from 80 to 99%. Less than 15% of planting date-site-years had stands below 80%, and they were characterized by soil temperatures at or below 12.5°C combined with high soil water contents (>90% available water). Rate of emergence was not associated with stand establishment (P > 0.10) and could not be predicted from soil temperatures below 12.5°C. Results suggest that reduction in stand establishment under conditions of low (12.5°C) soil temperature and high (>field capacity) soil water content may be a factor in corn yield reductions associated with reduced or no tillage. Key words: Time domain reflectometry, soil water content, soil temperature, maize

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