scholarly journals Long Term Protective Immunity to Goatpox in Goats After Single Immunization with a Live Attenuated Goatpox Vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanuprakash V ◽  
Madhusudan Hosamani ◽  
Gnanavel Venkatesan ◽  
Raj Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
Clinical Protection ◽  
Immense Potential ◽  
First Time

Abstract In this study, duration of immunity following single shot vaccination using an attenuated goatpox vaccine (GTPV/Uttarkashi/1978) was evaluated in sero-negative kids for 52 months. Long term immunity was evaluated by clinical protection upon virulent virus challenge and serum neutralization assay applied for serum samples. Rise in level of GTPV specific antibodies was found to be maximum on 21 days post vaccination, which was maintained between 1 and 2 years of immunization with steady decline. Upon virulent virus challenge on 21 days, 12, 24, 42 and 52 months post vaccination, protection in all vaccinated animals was evident, whereas, control animals developed severe clinical disease. This is for the first time that long term immunity of a live goatpox vaccine has been investigated up to 52 months of post-vaccination in goats and it has immense potential in controlling and eradicating goatpox from an enzootic situation.

scholarly journals Systemic and local antibodies induced by an experimental inactivated vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 1

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Maria do Carmo Cilento ◽  
Edviges Maristela Pituco ◽  
Ricardo Spacagna Jordão ◽  
Cláudia Pestana Ribeiro ◽  
Moacir Marchiori Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Virus Neutralization Assay ◽  
Igg2 Antibody

An experimental inactivated vaccine against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) was produced aiming to evaluate the systemic and local antibody responses in 12 seronegative heifers, after vaccination and revaccination. Serum samples were submitted to virus neutralization assay and to ELISA test for detection of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. Nasal secretion samples were submitted to the same ELISA test for detection of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. The results showed that moderate to high neutralizing titres and IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses were induced after the second vaccination in the serum and in nasal secretions up to 114 days post vaccination. IgG2 antibodies were the prevalent isotype for most of the post-vaccination period. The results indicate that BoHV-1 experimental inactivated vaccine elicited potentially protective IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels, both in the systemic and mucosal compartments.

scholarly journals Live Oral Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine Induces Durable Antibody Response

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie D. Collins ◽  
Anima Adhikari ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Robert A. Kuschner ◽  
Nicos Karasavvas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
The United States ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Military

Human adenoviruses (AdV) are mostly associated with minimal pathology. However, more severe respiratory tract infections and acute respiratory diseases, most often caused by AdV-4 and AdV-7, have been reported. The only licensed vaccine in the United States, live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine, is indicated for use in the military, nearly exclusively in recruit populations. The excellent safety profile and prominent antibody response of the vaccine is well established by placebo-controlled clinical trials, while, long-term immunity of vaccination has not been studied. Serum samples collected over 6 years from subjects co-administered live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine in 2011 were evaluated to determine the duration of the antibody response. Group geometric mean titers (GMT) at 6 years post vaccination compared to previous years evaluated were not significantly different for either AdV-4 or AdV-7 vaccine components. There were no subjects that demonstrated waning neutralization antibody (NAb) titers against AdV-4 and less than 5% of subjects against AdV-7. Interestingly, there were subjects that had a four-fold increase in NAb titers against either AdV-4 or AdV-7, at various time points post vaccination, suggesting either homotypic or heterotypic re-exposure. This investigation provided strong evidence that the live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine induced long-term immunity to protect from AdV-4 and AdV-7 infections.

scholarly journals Single-shot rAAV5-based Vaccine Provides Long-term Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guochao Liao ◽  
Xingxing Fan ◽  
Hungyan Lau ◽  
Zhongqiu Liu ◽  
Chinyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
One Year

SummaryThe COVID-19 pandemic and the SARS-CoV-2 with its variants have posed unprecedented challenges worldwide. Existing vaccines have limited effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, novel vaccines to match current mutated viral lineages with long-term protective immunity are urgently in demand. In the current study, we for the first time designed a recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 5 (rAAV5)-based vaccine named as rAAV-COVID-19 vaccine (Covacinplus) by using RBD-plus of spike protein with both the single-stranded and the self-complementary AAV5 delivering vectors (ssAAV5 and scAAAV5), which provides excellent protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single dose vaccination induced the strong immune response against SARS-CoV-2. The induced neutralizing antibodies (NAs) titers were maintained at a high peak level of over 1:1024 even after more than one year of injection and accompanied with functional T-cells responses in mice. Importantly, both ssAAV- and scAAV-based RBD-plus vaccines exhibited high levels of serum NAs against current circulating variants including variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. SARS-CoV-2 virus challenge test showed that ssAAV5-RBD-plus vaccine protected both young and old age mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. Moreover, whole genome sequencing demonstrated that AAV vector DNA sequences were not found in the genome of the vaccinated mice after one year vaccination, demonstrating excellent safety of the vaccine. Taken together, this study suggests that rAAV5-based vaccine is powerful against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants with long-term protective immunity and excellent safety, which has great potential for development into prophylactic vaccination in human to end this global pandemic.

scholarly journals Safety and immunogenicity of a primary yellow fever vaccination under low-dose methotrexate therapy—a prospective multi-centre pilot study1

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silja Bühler ◽  
Veronika Katharina Jaeger ◽  
Gilles Eperon ◽  
Hansjakob Furrer ◽  
Christoph A Fux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Dose Methotrexate ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination ◽  
First Time ◽  
Local Side

Abstract Background More people on immunosuppression live in or wish to travel to yellow fever virus (YFV)-endemic areas. Data on the safety and immunogenicity of yellow fever vaccination (YFVV) during immunosuppression are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and immunogenicity of a primary YFVV between travellers on methotrexate and controls. Methods We conducted a prospective multi-centre controlled observational study from 2015 to 2017 in six Swiss travel clinics. 15 adults (nine with rheumatic diseases, five with dermatologic conditions and one with a gastroenterological disease) on low-dose methotrexate (≤20 mg/week) requiring a primary YFVV and 15 age and sex-matched controls received a YFVV. Solicited/unsolicited adverse reactions were recorded, YFV-RNA was measured in serum samples on Days 3, 7, 10, 14, 28 and neutralizing antibodies on Days 0, 7, 10, 14, 28. Results Patients´ and controls’ median ages were 53 and 52 years; 9 patients and 10 controls were female. 43% of patients and 33% of controls showed local side effects (P = 0.71); 86% of patients and 66% of controls reported systemic reactions (P = 0.39). YFV-RNA was detected in patients and controls on Day 3–10 post-vaccination and was never of clinical significance. Slightly more patients developed YFV-RNAaemia (Day 3: n = 5 vs n = 2, Day 7: n = 9 vs n = 7, Day 10: n = 3 vs n = 2, all P > 0.39). No serious reactions occurred. On Day 10, a minority of vaccinees was seroprotected (patients: n = 2, controls: n = 6). On Day 28, all vaccinees were seroprotected. Conclusions First-time YFVV was safe and immunogenic in travellers on low-dose methotrexate. Larger studies are needed to confirm these promising results.

scholarly journals Single-Shot Vaccines against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV): Comparative Evaluation of Long-Term Protection after Immunization in the Presence of BRSV-Specific Maternal Antibodies

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Jean François Valarcher ◽  
Sara Hägglund ◽  
Katarina Näslund ◽  
Luc Jouneau ◽  
Ester Malmström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Syncytial Virus

The induction of long-lasting clinical and virological protection is needed for a successful vaccination program against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). In this study, calves with BRSV-specific maternally derived antibodies were vaccinated once, either with (i) a BRSV pre-fusion protein (PreF) and MontanideTM ISA61 VG (ISA61, n = 6), (ii) BRSV lacking the SH gene (ΔSHrBRSV, n = 6), (iii) a commercial vaccine (CV, n = 6), or were injected with ISA61 alone (n = 6). All calves were challenged with BRSV 92 days later and were euthanized 13 days post-infection. Based on clinical, pathological, and proteomic data, all vaccines appeared safe. Compared to the controls, PreF induced the most significant clinical and virological protection post-challenge, followed by ΔSHrBRSV and CV, whereas the protection of PreF-vaccinated calves was correlated with BRSV-specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody responses 84 days post-vaccination, and the IgG antibody titers of ΔSHrBRSV- and CV-vaccinated calves did not differ from the controls on this day. Nevertheless, strong anamnestic BRSV- and PreF-specific IgG responses occurred in calves vaccinated with either of the vaccines, following a BRSV challenge. In conclusion, PreF and ΔSHrBRSV are two efficient one-shot candidate vaccines. By inducing a protection for at least three months, they could potentially improve the control of BRSV in calves.

scholarly journals The Chimeric Binjari-Zika Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protection against ZIKA Virus Challenge

Vaccines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Jessamine E. Hazlewood ◽  
Bing Tang ◽  
Kexin Yan ◽  
Daniel J. Rawle ◽  
Jessica J. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Vaccine Recipient ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Single Vaccination ◽  
Flavivirus Vaccine

We recently developed a chimeric flavivirus vaccine technology based on the novel insect-specific Binjari virus (BinJV) and used this to generate a chimeric ZIKV vaccine (BinJ/ZIKA-prME) that protected IFNAR-/- dams and fetuses from infection. Herein, we show that a single vaccination of IFNAR-/- mice with unadjuvanted BinJ/ZIKA-prME generated neutralizing antibody responses that were retained for 14 months. At 15 months post vaccination, mice were also completely protected against detectable viremia and substantial body weight loss after challenge with ZIKVPRVABC59. BinJ/ZIKA-prME vaccination thus provided long-term protective immunity without the need for adjuvant or replication of the vaccine in the vaccine recipient, both attractive features for a ZIKV vaccine.

scholarly journals Maternally and Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Shiga Toxins in a Cohort of Calves Shedding Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 3695-3704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Fröhlich ◽  
Georg Baljer ◽  
Christian Menge
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Newborn Calves

ABSTRACT Calves become infected with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) early in life, which frequently results in long-term shedding of the zoonotic pathogen. Little is known about the animals' immunological status at the time of infection. We assessed the quantity and dynamics of maternal and acquired antibodies to Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), the principal STEC virulence factors, in a cohort of 27 calves. Fecal and serum samples were taken repeatedly from birth until the 24th week of age. Sera, milk, and colostrums of dams were also assessed. STEC shedding was confirmed by detection of stx in fecal cultures. Stx1- and Stx2-specific antibodies were quantified by Vero cell neutralization assay and further analyzed by immunoblotting. By the eighth week of age, 13 and 15 calves had at least one stx 1-type and at least one stx 2-type positive culture, respectively. Eleven calves had first positive cultures only past that age. Sera and colostrums of all dams and postcolostral sera of all newborn calves contained Stx1-specific antibodies. Calf serum titers decreased rapidly within the first 6 weeks of age. Only five calves showed Stx1-specific seroconversion. Maternal and acquired Stx1-specific antibodies were mainly directed against the StxA1 subunit. Sparse Stx2-specific titers were detectable in sera and colostrums of three dams and in postcolostral sera of their calves. None of the calves developed Stx2-specific seroconversion. The results indicate that under natural conditions of exposure, first STEC infections frequently coincide with an absence of maternal and acquired Stx-specific antibodies in the animals' sera.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Commercial Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) Virus Using Different Immunization Protocols

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Laureana De Brun ◽  
Mauro Leites ◽  
Agustín Furtado ◽  
Fabricio Campos ◽  
Paulo Roehe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Igg2 Antibody ◽  
Clinical Protection ◽  
Group 2

Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 is ubiquitous in cattle populations and is associated with several clinical syndromes, including respiratory disease, genital disease, infertility and abortions. Control of the virus in many parts of the world is achieved primarily through vaccination with either inactivated or live modified viral vaccines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of four commercially available BoHV-1 vaccines commonly used in Central and South America. Animals were divided into eight groups and vaccinated on days 0 and 30. Groups 1 to 4 received two doses of four different BoHV-1 commercial vaccines (named A to D). Groups 5 and 6 received vaccine D plus a vaccine for either Clostridial or Food-and-Mouth-Disease (FMD), respectively. Group 7 received one dose of two different brands of reproductive vaccines. Serum samples were collected from all animals on days 0, 30 and 60 to evaluate neutralizing and isotype-specific (IgG1 and IgG2) antibodies. Of the four commercial vaccines evaluated, only vaccine A induced neutralizing antibodies to titers ≥ 1:8 in 13/15 (86%) of the animals 60 days post-vaccination. Levels of IgG2 antibody increased in all groups, except for group 2 after the first dose of vaccine B. These results show that only vaccine A induced significant and detectable levels of BoHV-1-neutralizing antibodies. The combination of vaccine D with Clostridial or FMD vaccines did not affect neutralizing antibody responses to BoHV-1. The antibody responses of three of the four commercial vaccines analyzed here were lower than admissible by vaccine A. These results may be from vaccination failure, but means to identify the immune signatures predictive of clinical protection against BoHV-1 in cattle should also be considered.

Somatic Embryogenesis and In vitro Plant Regeneration in Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. - A Potential Pasture Legume

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
K. Choudhary ◽  
M. Singh ◽  
M. S. Rathore ◽  
N. S. Shekhawat
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pasture Legume

This long term study demonstrates for the first time that it is possible to propagate embryogenic Vigna trilobata and to subsequently initiate the differentiation of embryos into complete plantlets. Initiation of callus was possible on 2,4-D. Somatic embryos differentiated on modified MS basal nutrient medium with 1.0 mg/l  of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l  of Kn. Sustained cell division resulted in globular and heart shape stages of somatic embryos. Transfer of embryos on to a fresh modified MS basal medium with 0.5 mg/l of Kn and 0.5 mg/l of GA3 helped them to attain maturation and germination. However, the propagation of cells, as well as the differentiation of embryos, were inhibited by a continuous application of these growth regulators. For this reason, a long period on medium lacking these growth regulators was necessary before the differentiation of embryos occurred again. The consequences for improving the propagation of embryogenic cultures in Vigna species are discussed. Key words: Pasture  legume, Vigna trilobata, Globular, Heart shape, somatic embryogenesis D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4990 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 19(1): 89-99, 2009 (June)

An Evaluation of Provincial Macroeconomic Performance in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Hoi Le Quoc ◽  
Nam Pham Xuan ◽  
Tuan Nguyen Anh
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
First Time

The study was targeted at developing a methodology for constructing a macroeconomic performance index at a provincial level for the first time in Vietnam based on 4 groups of measurements: (i) Economic indicators; (ii) oriented economic indicators; (iii) socio-economic indicators; and (iv) economic - social – institutional indicators. Applying the methodology to the 2011 - 2015 empirical data of all provinces in Vietnam, the research shows that the socio-economic development strategy implemented by those provinces did not provide balanced outcomes between growth and social objectives, sustainability and inclusiveness. Many provinces focused on economic growth at the cost of structural change, equality and institutional transformation. In contrast, many provinces were successful in improving equality but not growth. Those facts threaten the long-term development objectives of the provinces.

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