scholarly journals Precise Event-level Prediction of Urban Crime Reveals Signature of Enforcement Bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Rotaru ◽  
Yi Huang ◽  
Timmy Li ◽  
James Evans ◽  
Ishanu Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Urban Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Predictive Tools ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Stochastic Inference ◽  
The City

Abstract Policing efforts to thwart urban crime often rely on detailed reports of criminal infractions. However, crime rates do not document the distribution of crime in isolation, but rather its complex relationship with policing and society. Several results attempting to predict future crime now exist, with varying degrees of predictive efficacy. However, the very idea of predictive policing has stirred controversy, with the algorithms being largely black boxes producing little to no insight into the social system of crime, and its rules of organization. The issue of how enforcement interacts with, modulates, and reinforces crime has been rarely addressed in the context of precise event predictions. In this study, we demonstrate that predictive tools are not purely an instrument enhacing state power, but may be effectively used to seek out systemic biases in urban enforcement. We introduce a novel stochastic inference algorithm as a new forecasting approach that learns spatio-temporal dependencies from individual event reports with demonstrated performance far surpassing past results (e.g., average AUC of ~90% in the City of Chicago for property and violent crimes predicted a week in advance within spatial tiles ~1000ft across). These precise predictions enable equally precise evaluation of inequities in law enforcement, discovering that response to increased crime rates is biased by the socio-economic status of neighborhoods, draining policy resources to wealthy areas with disproportionately negative impacts for the inner city, as demonstrated in Chicago and six other major U.S. metropolitan areas. While the emergence of powerful predictive tools raise concerns regarding the unprecedented power they place in the hands of over-zealous states in the name of civilian protection, our approach demonstrates how sophisticated algorithms enable us to audit enforcement biases, and hold states accountable in ways previously inconceivable.

Issues of water supply and contemporary urban society: the case of Greater Amman, Jordan

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1931) ◽  
pp. 5299-5313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Potter ◽  
Khadija Darmame ◽  
Stephen Nortcliff
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
The City

Over the last two decades, Jordan has suffered a chronic water crisis, and is the tenth most water-scarce nation on Earth. Such water stress has been well illustrated in the case of Greater Amman, the capital, which has grown dramatically from a population of around 2000 in the 1920s, to 2.17 million today. One of the distinctive characteristics of the water supply regime of Greater Amman is that since 1987 it has been based on a system of rationing, with households receiving water once a week for various durations. Amman is highly polarized socio-economically, and by means of household surveys, both quantitative and qualitative, conducted in high- and low-income divisions of the city, a detailed empirical evaluation of the storage and use of water, the strategies used by households to manage water and overall satisfaction with water supply issues is provided in this paper, looking specifically at issues of social equity. The analysis demonstrates the social and economic costs of water rationing and consequent management to be high, as well as emphasizing that issues of water quality are of central importance to all consumers regardless of their socio-economic status within the city.

scholarly journals Social and Physical Neighbourhood Effects and Crime: Bringing Domains Together Through Collective Efficacy Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Sam J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
The City

Criminologists and social scientists have long sought to explain why crime rates vary across urban landscapes. By dissecting the city into neighbourhood units, consideration has been given to the comparable features of settings under study which may help to explain why measured crime is higher in certain areas as compared to others. Some, from the socio-spatial perspective, argue that the socio-demographic makeup of a neighbourhood influences the social processes within it relevant to the disruption of crime. Others posit that physical features of neighbourhood settings, which include its layout, architectural design, and more specific measures to ‘target harden’ buildings against property crimes, can exhibit a deterrent effect. Whilst these explanations profess discrete empirical support, little has been done to consider how these influences may come to explain neighbourhood crime rates concomitantly. In this article, I seek to develop a new socio-physical model in an attempt to integrate and appraise aspects of these domains and their purported ability to explain variations in recorded crime. To achieve this, I use Collective Efficacy theory as a central organising concept which can aid researchers in interrogating current findings. I conclude that the dichotomy between how neighbourhood settings can be both defended, and be defensible, can be addressed by considering the relevance of social cohesion in activating resident social control.

scholarly journals MERCHANTRY VS NOBILITY: KHARKIV ELITE IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX – THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2017 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Bozhenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The article attempts to trace the effect of the Pareto elite circulation law on the example of the Kharkiv city elite in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The author investigates the involvement of the nobility and the merchants in the management of the city. According to the author's hypothesis, a significant transformation of the local elite took place in the cities of the Russian Empire, in particular in Kharkiv. Author notes that, unlike the previous period, the power of the merchant-top ceased to be a monopoly, there were groups of nobles and intellectuals, which created their confrontation, which in turn facilitated the exercise of mutual control. In the area of ​​economic capital, merchants had an undisputed priority, they were an inherently more open social layer, and therefore easier to perceive innovation, which was one of the reasons that this condition united the core of the entrepreneurial class. An indicative change was the merchants' marriage strategies: if in the pre-reform period it was vital for them to obtain the title and corresponding status in society using kinship with nobles, then in the second half of the nineteenth century. The economic condition of the future family member comes to the fore. At the same time, the nobility was filling the ranks of the intelligentsia, occupying a prominent position in the cultural field, while the merchants, not being able to grasp this capital fully, remained an unprivileged layer in the social consciousness. The image of the illiterate, selfish, greedy merchant still lived in nonfiction and humorous press. However, there was an attempt by merchants to enter the cultural space of the nobility, following the norms of its everyday culture. Summarizing, the author notes that during the modernization of Kharkiv as a provincial industrial city, it became the main driver of the economic development of the province, which, in turn, reflected in a significant increase in the political and economic status of merchants as the top of the city social ladder. The gentry, which gradually settled in the cities, failed to adapt to the new conditions, and thus lost its status as a political and economic elite, at least in Kharkiv, which remained a merchant city mostly.

scholarly journals The parable of the Feast (Lk 14:16b–23): Breaking down boundaries and discerning a theological–spatial justice agenda

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Van Eck ◽  
Wayne Renkin ◽  
Ezekiel Ntakirutimana
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Social Economic Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The City

The parable of the Feast (Lk 14:16b–23) is perhaps the example par excellence in the New Testament that addresses spatial justice and reconciliation. In the parable, Jesus advocates for the eradication of all boundaries linked to the social–economic status of the marginalised. The parable argues, from a social justice perspective, that there is no such thing as privileged space; priviliged space, on the contrary, builds boundaries. The reading of the parable presented critically engages with real-life experiences of marginalised people living on the periphery of the city and the boundaries that are created by megachurches in their close surroundings.

scholarly journals Rich do not rise early: spatio-temporal patterns in the mobility networks of different socio-economic classes

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 150654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lotero ◽  
Rafael G. Hurtado ◽  
Luis Mario Floría ◽  
Jesús Gómez-Gardeñes
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The City

We analyse the urban mobility in the cities of Medellín and Manizales (Colombia). Each city is represented by six mobility networks, each one encoding the origin-destination trips performed by a subset of the population corresponding to a particular socio-economic status. The nodes of each network are the different urban locations whereas links account for the existence of a trip between two different areas of the city. We study the main structural properties of these mobility networks by focusing on their spatio-temporal patterns. Our goal is to relate these patterns with the partition into six socio-economic compartments of these two societies. Our results show that spatial and temporal patterns vary across these socio-economic groups. In particular, the two datasets show that as wealth increases the early-morning activity is delayed, the midday peak becomes smoother and the spatial distribution of trips becomes more localized.

scholarly journals The Invisible Boundaries in the City

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Nicola Siddi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Segregation Index ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Cultural Isolation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Exposure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

1. Perhaps physical frontiers are less important since somehow the world has become a global entity, in which information passes through the physical walls. Many of them have been destroyed (Berlin) and some others such as that of Cyprus resist, but they are certainly less effective than in the past. The major concern of the future is the identification of invisible borders within the cities. It is difficult to identify exclusion, and marginalization is hiding within the cities, even in the weal- thiest ones.The spaces of the cities have invisible borders, but they are not easy to cross. 2. An MIT study (Xu Y, Belyi A, Santi P, Ratti C. 2019) highlights these problems after processing data on human movements, social networks connections and the socio-economic status of people, the document proposes two indices to measure segregation in Singapore. The index segregation of communication measures the relationship between people within each so- cial network, considering the frequency of communication and the socio-economic attributes of each person. The physical segregation index indicates the social exposure which people have towards each other belonging to similar and different socio-economic groups as they move more and more around the city. 3. The MIT study shows how it is possible, through the management of big data, to be able to bring out invisible marginalization situations which can not be seen in other ways. 4. The “documedial process” (Ferraris, Paini, 2018) in which the digital breakthrough has transformed the city, allows not only to bring out areas of border and exclusion but lays the foundations for an analysis of reality capable of highlighting cultural isolation.

The Effect of the Political Situation in the City of Jerusalem on the Rights of the Jerusalem Women

1970 ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Fadwa Al-Labadi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Legislative Processes

The concept of citizenship was introduced to the Arab and Islamic region duringthe colonial period. The law of citizenship, like all other laws and regulations inthe Middle East, was influenced by the colonial legacy that impacted the tribal and paternalistic systems in all aspects of life. In addition to the colonial legacy, most constitutions in the Middle East draw on the Islamic shari’a (law) as a major source of legislation, which in turn enhances the paternalistic system in the social sector in all its dimensions, as manifested in many individual laws and the legislative processes with respect to family status issues. Family is considered the nucleus of society in most Middle Eastern countries, and this is specifically reflected in the personal status codes. In the name of this legal principle, women’s submission is being entrenched, along with censorship over her body, control of her reproductive role, sexual life, and fertility.

Impact of Project Manager Competencies on Project Success: Case of Social Projects in the City of Agadir, Morocco

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-469
Author(s):  
Habiba Abou Hafs ◽  
◽  
Fadila Boutora ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Project Manager ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Behavioral Skills ◽  
Professional Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

The question of project manager competencies and especially in social projects is a key issue for social organizations seeking to progress and achieve success. If the manager has an important role to play with regard to the social organization, he’s however dependent on his behavioral, professional and personal capacities. The purpose of this paper is to show, on the basis of a quantitative study carried out among 120 managers of social projects in cooperatives located in the city of Agadir (Morocco), that the success of projects is conditioned by the leadership skills. Consequently, factors related to behavioral skills such as Solidarity; Involvement; Patience; Creativity; Empathy; Motivation; Trust; Commitment; Self-esteem; Transparency; Self-control; Discipline and other factors related to professional characteristics and personal characteristics of project managers prove a positive and significant relationship with the criterion of success studied.

KONSEP DIRI “ I “ DAN “ME” TOKOH HIROKO DALAM NOVEL NAMAKU HIROKO KARYA NH.DINI

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Besin Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Fictional Character ◽  
Social Customs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

This research deals with the development of  self concept of Hiroko as the main character in Namaku Hiroko by Nh. Dini and tries to identify how Hiroko is portrayed in the story, how she interacts with other characters and whether she is portrayed as a character dominated by ”I” element or  ”Me”  element seen  from sociological and cultural point of view. As a qualitative research in nature, the source of data in this research is the novel Namaku Hiroko (1967) and the data ara analyzed and presented deductively. The result of this analysis shows that in the novel, Hiroko as a fictional character is  portrayed as a girl whose personality  develops and changes drastically from ”Me”  to ”I”. When she was still in the village  l iving with her parents, she was portrayed as a obedient girl who was loyal to the parents, polite and acted in accordance with the social customs. In short, her personality was dominated by ”Me”  self concept. On the other hand, when she moved to the city (Kyoto), she was portrayed as a wild girl  no longer controlled by the social customs. She was  firm and determined totake decisions of  her won  for her future without considering what other people would say about her. She did not want to be treated as object. To put it in another way, her personality is more dominated by the ”I” self concept.

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