Issues of water supply and contemporary urban society: the case of Greater Amman, Jordan

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1931) ◽  
pp. 5299-5313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Potter ◽  
Khadija Darmame ◽  
Stephen Nortcliff
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
The City

Over the last two decades, Jordan has suffered a chronic water crisis, and is the tenth most water-scarce nation on Earth. Such water stress has been well illustrated in the case of Greater Amman, the capital, which has grown dramatically from a population of around 2000 in the 1920s, to 2.17 million today. One of the distinctive characteristics of the water supply regime of Greater Amman is that since 1987 it has been based on a system of rationing, with households receiving water once a week for various durations. Amman is highly polarized socio-economically, and by means of household surveys, both quantitative and qualitative, conducted in high- and low-income divisions of the city, a detailed empirical evaluation of the storage and use of water, the strategies used by households to manage water and overall satisfaction with water supply issues is provided in this paper, looking specifically at issues of social equity. The analysis demonstrates the social and economic costs of water rationing and consequent management to be high, as well as emphasizing that issues of water quality are of central importance to all consumers regardless of their socio-economic status within the city.

Improving access to water supply and sanitation in urban India: microfinance for water and sanitation infrastructure development

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Davis ◽  
Gary White ◽  
Said Damodaron ◽  
Rich Thorsten
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

This article summarises initial findings of a study to explore the potential of providing micro-financing for low-income households wishing to invest in improved water supply and sanitation services. Through in-depth interviews with more than 800 households in the city of Hyderabad in India, we conclude that, even if provided with market (not concessional) rates of financing, a substantial proportion of poor households would invest in water and sewer network connections.

scholarly journals Mapping and Territorial Risk Analysis of Hospital Admissions due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children (Brazil)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Coelho Pina ◽  
Luana Seles Alves ◽  
Maria Cândida de Carvalho Furtado ◽  
Ricardo Arcêncio Arcêncio ◽  
Ellen Cristina Gondim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Density Estimator ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

Abstract Background The concentration of child morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia in developing countries reflects the social inequities, which lead to greater exposure to risk factors and make access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease more difficult. This study aimed to map and assess the territorial risk for hospitalization due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. Methods Ecological study, carried out in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study population consisted of hospitalized children under the age of five, diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia, in Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo-Brazil, from 2012 to 2013. Data were collected in different databases, by a trained team, between March 2012 and August 2013 and from the 2010 Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The 956 urban census tracts were considered as the units of analysis. Descriptive statistics were performed for the sociodemographic characteristics, with the calculation of measures of absolute frequency and proportions for the categorical variables, using the Statistica software (12.0). The incidence of cases per 10,000 inhabitants was calculated by census tracts during the study period. For the identification of the spatial risk clusters, the Kernel density estimator and the Getis-Ord Gi* technique were measured from the Radius of the distance of 7,589 km, with p < .01, found using the Incremental Spatial Autocorrelation tool. Results The study included 265 children under the age of five, hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia. A concentration of cases was identified in the regions with greater social vulnerability (low income, poor housing conditions and homelessness), as well as a lower occurrence of cases in the most developed and economically privileged area of the city. The majority of the children lived in territories served by traditional primary healthcare units, in which the health surveillance and family and community focus are limited. Conclusions The results contribute to the comprehension of the social factors involved in child hospitalization due to pneumonia, based on the analysis of the spatial distribution, and address the interface with individual and institutional factors.

scholarly journals Implementation of the Policy on the Construction of Cheap Houses for Low-Income Communities in Palembang City, South Sumatera Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Hamdi Darmawan ◽  
Ermaya Suradinata ◽  
Rossy Lambelanova ◽  
Sampara Lukman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Cost Housing ◽  
The City

As one of the oldest cities in Indonesia, Palembang City is included in the ranks of the most populated cities in Indonesia. It should pay attention to the social life of its people, especially in terms of place of residence and residence. Since the issuance of Law Number 1 of 2011 and Government Regulation Number 64 of 2016 concerning low-cost housing, it has not been running optimally. Therefore, researchers are interested in researching implementing low-cost housing policies in the city of Palembang. This research uses qualitative methods with observation techniques, in-depth interviews with informants supported by various related documents. This study uses the concept of wisdom, the process of implementing wisdom, the factors that influence the implementation of wisdom. The results of this study indicate that the performance of low-cost housing for the people in Palembang City has not been optimal due to various dominant factors, namely communication and conflicts of interest between agencies so that it requires a strategy by carrying out different incremental policies such as regulatory reform, increasing resources, forming public opinion, and cooperation. With private parties.

scholarly journals Precise Event-level Prediction of Urban Crime Reveals Signature of Enforcement Bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Rotaru ◽  
Yi Huang ◽  
Timmy Li ◽  
James Evans ◽  
Ishanu Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Urban Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Predictive Tools ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Stochastic Inference ◽  
The City

Abstract Policing efforts to thwart urban crime often rely on detailed reports of criminal infractions. However, crime rates do not document the distribution of crime in isolation, but rather its complex relationship with policing and society. Several results attempting to predict future crime now exist, with varying degrees of predictive efficacy. However, the very idea of predictive policing has stirred controversy, with the algorithms being largely black boxes producing little to no insight into the social system of crime, and its rules of organization. The issue of how enforcement interacts with, modulates, and reinforces crime has been rarely addressed in the context of precise event predictions. In this study, we demonstrate that predictive tools are not purely an instrument enhacing state power, but may be effectively used to seek out systemic biases in urban enforcement. We introduce a novel stochastic inference algorithm as a new forecasting approach that learns spatio-temporal dependencies from individual event reports with demonstrated performance far surpassing past results (e.g., average AUC of ~90% in the City of Chicago for property and violent crimes predicted a week in advance within spatial tiles ~1000ft across). These precise predictions enable equally precise evaluation of inequities in law enforcement, discovering that response to increased crime rates is biased by the socio-economic status of neighborhoods, draining policy resources to wealthy areas with disproportionately negative impacts for the inner city, as demonstrated in Chicago and six other major U.S. metropolitan areas. While the emergence of powerful predictive tools raise concerns regarding the unprecedented power they place in the hands of over-zealous states in the name of civilian protection, our approach demonstrates how sophisticated algorithms enable us to audit enforcement biases, and hold states accountable in ways previously inconceivable.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Efektivitas Pasca Huni Penghuni Perumahan Subsidi Dengan Pendekatan Ekonomi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia ◽  
Putri Andriani Hrp
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Green Housing ◽  
The People ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
The City

Indonesia telah terbagi atas beberapa daerah, dan pada setiap daerah sudah banyak dibangun perumahan. Khususnya daerah di kota Medan, Sumatera Utara yang sudah banyak perumahan yang telah dibangun khususnya tempat tinggal bagi masyarakat kota Medan yang berpenghasilan rendah (MBR). Dengan munculnya pembangunan dapat menumbuhkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan tersedianya lapangan pekerjaan.Pembangunan infrastruktur termasuk hal penting dalam metode pertumbuhan suatu bangsa yang baik pada sektor ekonomi, sosial, budaya, pendidikan, pertanian dan sektor lainnya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rumah subsidi yang dapat dijangkau oleh penghuni MBR dan untuk mengetahui faktor kepuasan penghuni MBR terhadap pembelian rumah subsidi.Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif, yaitu menggunakan survey data primer dan mewawancarai kepada narasumber. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat, diantaranya menambah wawasan pengetahuan bagi penulis tentang keadaan sosial dan ekonomi bagi penduduk di perumahan subsidi di daerah Perumahan Hijau 3 Indonesia has been divided into several regions, and in each region many houses have been built. Especially in the city of Medan, North Sumatra, which has built a lot of housing, especially housing for the people of Medan city with low income (MBR). With the advent of development, it can foster economic growth, and the availability of jobs. Infrastructure development is an important factor in a nation's good growth methods in the economic, social, cultural, educational, agricultural and other sectors. This study aims to determine the subsidized houses that can be reached by MBR residents and to determine the satisfaction factor of MBR residents for the purchase of subsidized houses. The method used is descriptive quantitative, using primary data surveys and interviewing informants. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits, including increasing knowledge insight for writers about the social and economic conditions for residents in subsidized housing in the Green Housing area 3

O’Casey and the City

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Murray
Keyword(s):  
Urban Society ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Irish Theatre ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Working

Seán O’Casey’s first three produced plays are often referred to as the ‘Dublin Trilogy’. They were not conceived as a trilogy but they are centrally concerned with representing the city, a relatively new departure in Irish theatre at the time. This chapter draws on theories of the city to analyse some of the ways in which tenement life and the urban society around it are dramatized in the first Dublin plays, before moving on to consider how O’Casey treated the city in later non-naturalistic works such asWithin the GatesandRed Roses for Me. This consideration of O’Casey’s urban theatre underlines both the social radicalism of his work and, in particular, the centrality of the 1913 Lockout to his understanding of the Irish urban working classes. Ultimately, this focus on the city as the main player in O’Casey’s work provides a fresh focus for one of the most important Irish writers of the past century .

scholarly journals The Development of the Athens Water Supply System and Inferences for Optimizing the Scale of Water Infrastructures

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2657 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-Fivos Sargentis ◽  
Romanos Ioannidis ◽  
Georgios Karakatsanis ◽  
Stavroula Sigourou ◽  
Nikos D. Lagaros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Local Data ◽  
City Population ◽  
Big City ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

Modern organized societies require robust infrastructures, among which hydraulic projects, such as water supply and drainage systems, are most important, particularly in water-scarce areas. Athens is a unique example because it is a big city (population 3.7 million) located in a very dry area. In order to support the development of the city, large hydraulic projects had to be constructed during its history and, as a result, Athens currently has one of the largest water supply systems in the world. Could Athenians choose smaller scale infrastructures instead? Analyzing social, technical and economical historical data, we can see that large capital investments were required. In order to evaluate these investments this paper presents a technical summary of the development. An economic analysis displays historical values of these investments in present monetary values. The cost of existing infrastructure is compared to the cost of constructing smaller reservoirs and a model is created to correlate the price of water and the cost of water storage with the size of reservoirs. In particular, if more and smaller reservoirs were built instead of the large existing ones, the cost of the water would significantly increase, as illustrated by modelling the cost using local data.

scholarly journals Conflicts, cooperation and experimentation: Analysing the politics of urban water through Accra’s heterogeneous water supply infrastructure

2020 ◽  
pp. 251484862097534
Author(s):  
Rossella Alba ◽  
Michelle Kooy ◽  
Antje Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
The Social ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Water Filling ◽  
Heuristic Device ◽  
The City

In this paper, we analyse the heterogeneity of water supply infrastructure in Accra, Ghana, to understand the politics of water in cities where infrastructural diversity has always been the norm. We do this by extending the use of heterogeneous infrastructure configurations as a heuristic device, shifting the focus and scale of urban political ecological analyses of infrastructural diversity from users and access to water distributions at city scale. To explain the impacts of three experiments in the distribution of water across the city, we analyse how changes in the technical and operational arrangements of Accra’s bulk water filling points reflect changes in the social relations of cooperation or conflict between the diversity of actors and infrastructure supplying water across the city. We find the uneven waterscape of the city is shaped by a plurality of actors whose practices are informed by a range of motives. These motives exceed profit-making, political legitimacy, patronage and petty corruption including also solidarity, religious beliefs and pragmatic choices. We show that distributions of water, risks and responsibilities among different actors involved in operating the water filling points are constantly contested with ambiguous and unforeseen outcomes foreclosing but also opening new possibilities for progressive experimentation. Documenting how relations between actors and technologies of water provisioning are dynamic, and open to incremental improvements towards progressive (re)distributions of water, our analysis at the city scale calls for further focus on how practices and policies of solidarity can be extended across heterogeneous provisioning systems.

Self-Identity in an Urban Society

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Daniel Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City ◽  
Ultimate Ground

“In the city, we do not have peace and quiet; the seasons are barely noticeable except as the occasion for minor pleasures or discomforts; and we meet men in the aggregate, great swarming crowds of men. We cannot, therefore, reasonably expect to meet the God of repose and contemplation in the city; nor can we reasonably continue to proclaim private relationships with God, non-social relationships, as the ultimate ground of Christian belief. The creation of an urban myth equal in power to the anachronistic rural myth must look to the social experience for its source and power.”

scholarly journals The Challenge of Inequality in University Education: Is the District Quota Scheme Addressing Socio-Economic Disparities in Access to University Education in Uganda?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Godfrey Bagonza ◽  
Yuda Taddeo Kaahwa ◽  
Nicholas Itaaga
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
University Education ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Government

Access to university education is one of the fundamental educational questions in contemporary educational debates. This is because university education is seen as having an array of benefits to individuals, their households, and their nations. However, the challenge of inequality in terms of gender, income, location, and socio-economic status has constrained some individuals and households to access quality university education. In 2005 the government of Uganda introduced the District Quota Scheme to address the social inequalities in accessing university education. This study examined how the District Quota Scheme is addressing the rural-urban divide in access to university; how the District Quota Scheme has increased access to university education for children with parents who have low levels of education; and whether the District Quota Scheme is improving access to university education for children from low-income families. Following the social constructivist research paradigm and integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study found a change in access to university education by students from rural areas, students whose parents have lower levels of education, and those from low-income families as a result of introducing the District Quota Scheme. The study recommends that the government of Uganda and other stakeholders in the higher education sector should address the structural challenges to ensure that mainly the socially disadvantaged students take the biggest advantage of this scheme. 

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