scholarly journals Presence of nanoplastics in rural and remote surface waters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Materić ◽  
Mike Peacock ◽  
Joshua Dean ◽  
Martyn Futter ◽  
Trofim Maximov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Siberian Arctic ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence ◽  
Aerial Deposition

Abstract It is now established that microplastics are a pervasive presence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The same is assumed to be true for nanoplastics but data are lacking due to technical difficulties associated with sample analysis. Here, we measured nanoplastics in waterbodies at two contrasting sites: remote Siberian Arctic tundra and a forest landscape in southern Sweden. Nanoplastics were detected in all sampled Swedish lakes (n = 7) and streams (n = 4) (mean concentration = 563 µg l− 1) and four polymer types were identified. In Siberia nanoplastics were detected in 7/12 sampled lakes, ponds and surface flooding, but only two polymer types were detected and concentrations were lower (mean 51 µg l− 1). Based on back-calculation of air mass trajectories, we infer that nanoplastics arrive at both sites by aerial deposition from local and regional sources. Our results suggest that nanoplastics may be a near-ubiquitous presence even in remote ecosystems.

scholarly journals Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury (Hg) in the Yellow Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2881-2892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. J. Ci ◽  
X. S. Zhang ◽  
Z. W. Wang ◽  
Z. C. Niu ◽  
X. Y. Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
East China ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract. The Yellow Sea, surrounded by East China and the Korea Peninsula, is a potentially important receptor for anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions from East Asia. However, there is little documentation about the distribution and cycle of Hg in this marine system. During the cruise covering the Yellow Sea in July 2010, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg(0)) in the atmosphere, total Hg (THg), reactive Hg (RHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM, largely Hg(0)) in the waters were measured aboard the R/V Kexue III. The mean (±SD) concentration of GEM over the entire cruise was 2.61 ± 0.50 ng m−3 (range: 1.68 to 4.34 ng m−3), which were generally higher than other open oceans. The spatial distribution of GEM generally reflected a clear gradient with high levels near the coast of East China and low levels in open waters, suggesting the significant atmospheric Hg outflow from East China. The mean concentration of THg in the surface waters was 1.69 ± 0.35 ng l−1 and the RHg accounted for a considerable fraction of THg (RHg: 1.08 ± 0.28 ng l−1, %RHg/THg = 63.9%). The mean concentration of DGM in the surface waters was 63.9 ± 13.7 pg l−1 and always suggested the supersaturation of Hg(0) in the surface waters with respect to Hg(0) in the atmosphere (the degree of saturation: 7.8 ± 2.3 with a range of 3.6–14.0). The mean Hg(0) flux at the air-sea interface was estimated to be 18.3 ± 11.8 ng m−2 h−1 based on a two-layer exchange model. The high wind speed and DGM levels induced the extremely high Hg(0) emission rates. Measurements at three stations showed no clear vertical patterns of DGM, RHg and THg in the water column. Overall, the elevated Hg levels in the Yellow Sea compared with other open oceans suggested that the human activity has influenced the oceanic Hg cycle downwind of East Asia.

Nutrient Exports from Two Agriculture-Dominated Watersheds in Southern Sweden

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbro Ulén
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Load Models ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Export

Nutrient concentrations and exports were monitored for eight years in two agriculture-dominated watersheds in the central part of the Västgöta Plain in Sweden. The hydrology and the nutrient concentrations in the streams were very similar. Concentrations (monthly flow-weighted) of dissolved phosphate-phosphorus (PO4P) varied substantially during the year (from 0.03 to 0.27 mg 1−1) whereas concentrations of particulate phosphorus (PartP) varied less (from 0.03 to 0.16 mg −1). No trends in nutrient export during the eight years were found after flow-normalization of export data. Three wet periods dominated the long-term loads of the streams. Although a few events dominated annual yields of suspended solids (SS) from drainage pipes, standard deviation of annual mean SS concentration was reasonably constant between different years. However, when further developing phosphorus load models the variation in SS concentration should probably be considered. In-stream processes may contribute nearly as much to the phosphorus export as those occurring on and in arable soils in terms of their impact on the magnitude of phosphorus export. Total nitrogen (TotN) mean concentration was 5 mg 1−1 and was similar in drainage pipes and in the streams.

First experimental estimation of the methane ebullition fraction in water column from the bottom to the surface: application for the East Siberian Arctic Shelf

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Chernykh ◽  
Denis Kosmach ◽  
Anton Konstantinov ◽  
Aleksander Salomatin ◽  
Vladimir Yusupov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Arctic Shelf ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Siberian Arctic ◽  
Methane Ebullition ◽  
Subsea Permafrost

<p>The key area of the Arctic ocean for atmospheric venting of CH<sub>4</sub> is the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS). The ESAS covers >2 million square kilometers (equal to the areas of Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan combined). This vast yet shallow region has recently been shown to be a significant modern source of atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub>, contributing annually no less than terrestrial Arctic ecosystems; but unlike terrestrial ecosystems, the ESAS emits CH<sub>4 </sub>year-round due to its partial openness during the winter when terrestrial ecosystems are dormant. Emissions are determined by and dependent on the current thermal state of the subsea permafrost and environmental factors controlling permafrost dynamics. Releases could potentially increase by 3-5 orders of magnitude, considering the sheer amount of CH<sub>4</sub> preserved within the shallow ESAS seabed deposits and the documented thawing rates of subsea permafrost reported recently.</p><p>The purpose of this work is to determine the methane ebullition fraction in water column: from the bottom to the surface, which is a key to evaluate quantitively methane release from the ESAS bottom through the water column into the atmosphere. A series of 351 experiments was carried out at to determine the quantity of methane (and other greenhouse gases) delivered by bubbles of various sizes through a water column into the atmosphere. It has been shown for depth up to 22 m (about 30% of the ESAS) that pure methane bubbles, depending on their diameter and water salinity, transported to the surface from 60.9% to 85.3% of gaseous methane.</p><p>This work was supported in part by grants from Russian Scientific Foundation (№ 18-77-10004 to DCh, DK, AK, № 19-77-00067 to EG), the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant ID: 075-15-2020-978 to IS). The work was carried out as a part of Federal[ПW1]  assignment № АААА-А17-117030110031-6 to AS.</p>

Nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in the Gulf of Gdansk coastal zone

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Staniszewska ◽  
Lucyna Falkowska
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Gulf Of Gdańsk ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gulf Of Gdansk ◽  
Mean Concentration

AbstractThe concentrations of nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were measured in surface waters in the Gulf of Gdansk coastal zone (summer 2010). The mean concentration in the samples of subsurface water were 34.49 ng dm−3 (nonylphenol) and 3.04 ng dm−3 (4-tert-octylphenol). The highest nonylphenol concentrations were detected in the samples of subsurface water collected from the Sea Boulevard (Gdynia) while the highest concentrations of 4-tert-octylphenol were found in the yacht harbor Marina Gdynia, and in the Kacza and Gizdebka rivers. A significant enrichment (13–45 times) of 4-tert-octylphenol was observed in the surface microlayer of water. These levels exceeded the predicted no effect concentration by 2–9 times.

scholarly journals Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury (Hg) in the Yellow Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1511-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. J. Ci ◽  
X. S. Zhang ◽  
Z. W. Wang ◽  
Z. C. Niu ◽  
X. Y. Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
East China ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract. The Yellow Sea, surrounded by East China and the Korea Peninsula, is a potentially important receptor for anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions from East Asia. However, there is little documentation about the distribution and cycle of Hg in this marine system. During the cruise covering the Yellow Sea in July 2010, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg(0)) in the atmosphere, total Hg (THg), reactive Hg (RHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM, largely Hg(0)) in the waters were measured aboard the R/V Kexue III. The mean (±SD) concentration of GEM over the entire cruise was 2.61±0.50 ng m−3 (range: 1.68 to 4.34 ng m−3), which were generally higher than other open oceans. The spatial distribution of GEM generally reflected a clear gradient with high levels near the coast of East China and low levels in open waters, suggesting the significant atmospheric Hg outflow from East China. The mean concentration of THg in the surface waters was 1.69±0.35 ng l−1 and the RHg accounted for a considerable fraction of THg (RHg: 1.08±0.28 ng l−1, %RHg/THg=63.9%). The mean concentration of DGM in the surface waters was 63.9±13.7 pg l−1 and always suggested the supersaturation of Hg(0) in the surface waters with respect to Hg(0) in the atmosphere (the degree of saturation: 7.83±2.29 with a range of 3.58–14.00). The mean Hg(0) flux at the air-sea interface was estimated to be 22.58±14.56 ng m−2 h−1 based on a two-layer exchange model. The high wind speed and DGM levels induced the extremely high Hg(0) emission rates. Measurements at three selected stations showed no clear vertical patterns of all three species of Hg in the water column. Overall, the elevated Hg levels in the Yellow Sea compared with other open oceans suggested that the human activity has significantly influenced the oceanic Hg cycle downwind of East Asia.

Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. WARD ◽  
P. DEPLAZES ◽  
W. REGLI ◽  
H. RINDER ◽  
A. MATHIS
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Epidemiological Significance ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

Cryptosporidia are important protozoan parasites of vertebrates, and a number of species and genotypes, with different host ranges, have been described. In this study a protocol was established for the detection and the genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from various types of surface waters (rivers, creeks, lakes, sewage plant in- and outlets and swimming pools) from the area between Zurich (Switzerland) and Munich (Germany). Cryptosporidium oocysts were isolated by continuous-flow-centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation (IMS). A novel nested PCR combined with direct sequencing of the amplicon which spans a variable region of the 18S rRNA allowed characterization of species and genotypes. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 23 of the 68 water samples investigated. Almost half of these isolates represent species and genotypes known to be pathogenic to man, namely C. parvum ‘bovine genotype’ (from 6 samples) and C. parvum ‘human genotype’ (4). Furthermore, we identified C. muris ‘genotype A’ (3), C. muris ‘genotype B’ (6), C. baileyi (1) as well as 3 novel Cryptosporidium genotypes. Our results confirm the ubiquitous presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters. The detection of a variety of species and genotypes stresses the importance that molecular characterization is indispensable before drawing conclusions of medical or epidemiological significance.

scholarly journals Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols and air–sea exchange in the Mediterranean

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 5963-5990
Author(s):  
M. D. Mulder ◽  
A. Heil ◽  
P. Kukučka ◽  
J. Klánová ◽  
J. Kuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration in air of the central and eastern Mediterranean in summer 2010 was 1.45 (0.30–3.25) ng m−3, with &amp;approx;8% in the particulate phase, associated with particles < 0.25 μm. The diffusive air–sea exchange fluxes of fluoranthene and pyrene were mostly found net-depositional or close to phase equilibrium, while retene was net-volatilisational in a large sea region. Regional fire activity records in combination with box model simulations suggest that seasonal depositional input of retene from biomass burning into the surface waters during summer is followed by an annual reversal of air–sea exchange, while inter-annual variability is dominated by the variability of the fire season. It is concluded that future negative emission trends or interannual variability of regional sources may trigger the sea to become a secondary PAH source through reversal of diffusive air–sea exchange.

GROUNDWATER STATUS ASSESSMENT IN CONTEXT OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Anna KUCZYŃSKA ◽  
Dorota PALAK-MAZUR ◽  
Anna KOSTKA
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Groundwater Body

The accession of Poland to the European Union and implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/WE) into the Polish legal system has significantly changed the course and scope of national water management and assessment of water resources. The concept of integrated and dynamic way of treating groundwater and surface waters and their position in the environment, emphasized in the WFD, has strengthened and enhanced the already applied procedures for groundwater monitoring and status assessment. These procedures aim at achieving sensibly justified and well-founded balance between environmental objectives defined for groundwater bo¬dies and water needs required by all types of water users. This required establishment of a new, holistic methods for assessing groundwater body status based on previous national experiences and new EU guidelines and requirements. The new methods for assessing groundwater body status in terms of its quality and quantity were developed and implemented by the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute in 2013. The project was commissioned by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection and financed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. The methods accounts groundwater needs of priority water users through nine classification tests which investigate groundwater characteristics and dependencies between groundwater and its receptors, including surface waters and groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems. Each of nine classification tests can result in either good or poor status and the final groundwater body status assessment is a product of all tests, which means that a negative result of at least one test can decide of poor status of a given groundwater body.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

Identifying Sources of Sulfate Aerosols Reaching Whiteface Mountain, NY

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
James S. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
Toxic Trace Metals

INTRODUCTION“Acid rain” and “acid deposition” are terms no longer confined to the lexicon of atmospheric scientists and 1imnologists. Public awareness of and concern over this phenomenon, particularly as it affects acid-sensitive regions of North America, have increased dramatically in the last five years. Temperate ecosystems are suffering from decreased pH caused by acid deposition. Human health may be directly affected by respirable sulfates and by the increased solubility of toxic trace metals in acidified waters. Even man's monuments are deteriorating as airborne acids etch metal and stone features.Sulfates account for about two thirds of airborne acids with wet and dry deposition contributing equally to acids reaching surface waters or ground. The industrial Midwest is widely assumed to be the source of most sulfates reaching the acid-sensitive Northeast since S02 emitted as a byproduct of coal combustion in the Midwest dwarfs S02 emitted from all sources in the Northeast.

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