scholarly journals USE OF CRYOPROTECTANTS FOR FROST PROTECTION IN PEACHES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 486c-486
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
William C. Newall ◽  
Charles J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Late spring freezes often result in significant flower bud kill in deciduous fruit trees. Some products have been marketed as frost protectant compounds which purportedly protect flower stigmas and ovaries from freezing injury and death. Two of these compounds, Frost Free and Frostgard, were tested at two locations in South Carolina over three years. Varieties `Junegold', `Loring', `Redhaven', and `Jefferson' were treated with Frost Free (FF) in years 1988-1990 and with Frostgard (FG) in 1990. Significant differences in fruit yield and vegetative growth occurred during this period, but no consistent trends were evident. In 1989, FF-treated `Redhaven' and `Jefferson' trees averaged 10.5 and 21.8 kg more fruit/tree than the controls. However, no lethal cold temperatures occurred during the bloom period. In 1990, FG-treated `Redhaven' trees averaged 8.0 kg more fruit/tree than the control trees. The fruit from FF-treated trees were lower in Brix, had less red color, and vegetative shoot growth was slightly greater than that of the FG and check trees. These data suggest that Frost Free may have plant growth regulator properties.

scholarly journals 424 A Comparison of Techniques Used for Determining Freezing Injury on Two Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivars: Liberty and RedMax

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 466C-466
Author(s):  
M.E. Garcia ◽  
Linda A. Boccuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Comparison Of Techniques ◽  
Artificial Freezing

Hardiness testing of the wood of deciduous fruit trees has been conducted using a variety of techniques. In our studies, the objective was to determine an efficient method of determining freezing injury for apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) wood. We tested 1-year old wood of two cultivars: Liberty and RedMax. The wood was tested over the course of 2 years (1998 and 1999). Collection began in the late fall and continued throughout the winter (until it was determined full hardiness had been achieved) and then again in the early spring. The wood was cut into 1-cm sections and frozen. The artificial freezing was conducted in an ethanol bath, with the temperature lowered at 5 °C/h. Samples were removed in 3-min intervals. After freezing, the wood was acclimated to 4 °C for 12 h. Three tests were conducted to determine the hardiness/injury to the tissues. The tests used were: discoloration, callus growth and vital staining (with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride). This was a split block design with samples collected randomly from each tree. Four replicates (12 trees) of each cultivar were tested. Results showed that the callus test predicted the same LT50 as the other two tests, discoloration and vital staining. Discoloration was not easy to differentiate and was the most time-consuming. The callus grown by the apple wood was easily formed and distinguished. The callus test does not require the tetrazolium stain; therefore, one less step was needed in comparison to the vital staining test. This reduced testing time by over 6 h.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Hydrogen Cyanamide in Promoting Flower Bud Break in Blueberry

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiuying Xia ◽  
Lijia An
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Bud Breaking

Bud dormancy of deciduous fruit trees is a complex process that allows trees to survive long periods in adverse conditions during winter. Dormancy is a major obstacle for both fruit production in mild winter areas and off-season culture of fruit trees in protection facilities. It is very economically advantageous to be able to control the time point of bud break and consequently harvest in crops with high returns and short harvest seasons like blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2 (HC)) treatment is an effective method to promote dormancy release and synchronize bud break in perennial deciduous fruit trees, including blueberry. However, there are few systematic studies of the metabolic changes that occur during HC-induced bud breaking. In this study, the metabolome of blueberry buds under forced conditions following HC and water treatment (control) was analyzed using gas chromatography paired with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOFMS) technology. A total of 252 metabolites were identified and 16 differential metabolites (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were detected. The levels of several soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, maltose), organic acids (citric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric, succinic acid), and amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine) were upregulated, while tyrosine, tryptophan, and asparagine were significantly downregulated in HC-treated buds when compared with control buds. The synthesis and accumulation of phenylpropanoids (salicin, 4-vinylphenol, neohesperidin) were also promoted by HC. These results suggest that alteration of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle increase, and phenylpropanoid accumulation were crucial in HC-promoted bud breaking in blueberry. This research extends our understanding of the mechanisms involved in dormancy release induced by HC and provides a theoretical basis for applying HC to accelerate bud break.

Application of shoot growth rules for understanding responses to pruning.

2022 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Epicormic Shoot ◽  
One Year ◽  
Control Tree ◽  
Size Controlling

Abstract Knowledge of fruit tree shoot types is helpful to explain why pruning is often not successful in reducing tree size. In many horticultural circumstances, epicormic shoot growth can be considered as being almost exclusively stimulated by severe pruning of large branches (older than one year old) or strong water shoots in which sylleptic shoots have previously grown and "used up" the locations in close proximity to the pruning cut where proleptic buds would have been present in a less vigorous shoot. The strong growth response to heavy pruning is natural and is the primary reason why pruning cannot be relied upon exclusively to control tree size when trees are grown in highly fertile soils without size-controlling rootstocks. This chapter deals with understanding responses to pruning of fruit trees by application of shoot growth rules.

scholarly journals Hybrid Triploid Induced by Megaspore Chromosome Doubling in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) ‘Maya’ and Its Characteristics

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Songshan Liu ◽  
Chenxing Zhang ◽  
Weicong Yang ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Lu Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Triploid Individual ◽  
Colchicine Solution

Polyploid breeding is an important strategy for tree improvement because polyploid individuals typically show superior traits, such as improved growth, stress resistance, and superior fruit quality. Artificial induction of chromosome doubling of female gametes is an effective approach to obtain triploid progeny. However, no triploid fruit tree cultivars have been developed using this approach. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of chromosome doubling in female gametes of ‘Maya’ jujube to produce triploid individuals. The temporal relationship between flower bud morphology and the megaspore meiotic stage was studied to guide the optimal timing of colchicine treatment. Colchicine solution was applied to bearing shoots of mature ‘Maya’ jujube trees in a field experiment using two treatment methods (improved cotton leaching and injection method) and three concentrations (0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%). The water transport rate of ‘Maya’ jujube shoots was studied using dye solution to judge the effectiveness and timing of the colchicine treatment methods. Two triploids were identified among the progenies from the colchicine-treated shoots. The highest efficiency of triploid production was 3.3% when flower buds of diameter 1.76–2.12 mm were treated with 0.3% colchicine solution for 4 h using an improved cotton leaching method. The ground diameter, plant thorn length, leaf width, leaf area, stomatal length, stomatal width, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic parameters of one triploid individual were significantly higher than those of diploids of identical parentage at 18 months old. Thus, induction of 2n megaspores is an effective approach to generate triploid jujube. These results are expected to promote and accelerate triploid breeding in fruit trees.

scholarly journals Temperate Fruit Trees under Climate Change: Challenges for Dormancy and Chilling Requirements in Warm Winter Regions

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Abdel-Moety Salama ◽  
Ahmed Ezzat ◽  
Hassan El-Ramady ◽  
Shamel M. Alam-Eldein ◽  
Sameh Okba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Warm Winter ◽  
Winter Chill ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
The Tropics

Adequate chill is of great importance for successful production of deciduous fruit trees. However, temperate fruit trees grown under tropical and subtropical regions may face insufficient winter chill, which has a crucial role in dormancy and productivity. The objective of this review is to discuss the challenges for dormancy and chilling requirements of temperate fruit trees, especially in warm winter regions, under climate change conditions. After defining climate change and dormancy, the effects of climate change on various parameters of temperate fruit trees are described. Then, dormancy breaking chemicals and organic compounds, as well as some aspects of the mechanism of dormancy breaking, are demonstrated. After this, the relationships between dormancy and chilling requirements are delineated and challenging aspects of chilling requirements in climate change conditions and in warm winter environments are demonstrated. Experts have sought to develop models for estimating chilling requirements and dormancy breaking in order to improve the adaption of temperate fruit trees under tropical and subtropical environments. Some of these models and their uses are described in the final section of this review. In conclusion, global warming has led to chill deficit during winter, which may become a limiting factor in the near future for the growth of temperate fruit trees in the tropics and subtropics. With the increasing rate of climate change, improvements in some managing tools (e.g., discovering new, more effective dormancy breaking organic compounds; breeding new, climate-smart cultivars in order to solve problems associated with dormancy and chilling requirements; and improving dormancy and chilling forecasting models) have the potential to solve the challenges of dormancy and chilling requirements for temperate fruit tree production in warm winter fruit tree growing regions.

scholarly journals Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Van Hung Do ◽  
Nguyen La ◽  
Rachmat Mulia ◽  
Göran Bergkvist ◽  
A. Sigrun Dahlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
High Investment

Rapid expansion of unsustainable farming practices in upland areas of Southeast Asia threatens food security and the environment. This study assessed alternative agroforestry systems for sustainable land management and livelihood improvement in northwest Vietnam. The performance of fruit tree-based agroforestry was compared with that of sole cropping, and farmers’ perspectives on agroforestry were documented. After seven years, longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)-maize-forage grass and son tra (Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne)-forage grass systems had generated 2.4- and 3.5-fold higher average annual income than sole maize and sole son tra, respectively. Sole longan gave no net profit, due to high investment costs. After some years, competition developed between the crop, grass, and tree components, e.g., for nitrogen, and the farmers interviewed reported a need to adapt management practices to optimise spacing and pruning. They also reported that agroforestry enhanced ecosystem services by controlling surface runoff and erosion, increasing soil fertility and improving resilience to extreme weather. Thus, agroforestry practices with fruit trees can be more profitable than sole-crop cultivation within a few years. Integration of seasonal and fast-growing perennial plants (e.g., grass) is essential to ensure quick returns. Wider adoption needs initial incentives or loans, knowledge exchange, and market links.

scholarly journals GROWTH OF DIFFERENT FRUIT TREE SPECIES IN SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS DURING THE ESTABLISHMENT PHASE

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1040-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINA DELLA GIUSTINA ◽  
ROBERTA APARECIDA CARNEVALLI ◽  
MARCELO RIBEIRO ROMANO ◽  
DIEGO BARBOSA ALVES ANTONIO ◽  
CAMILA ECKSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Plant Accumulation ◽  
Establishment Phase

ABSTRACT The benefits of integrating agricultural components into silvopastoral systems are widely known, but the limited knowledge about ecological processes in the establishment phase impedes the use of this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between fruit tree species and the sward layer under canopies of trees in the establishment phase of silvopastoral systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was implemented in October 2013, with an evaluation period from January to July 2015. The systems were composed of eight fruit trees intercropped with Tifton 85 grass. A completely randomized block design was adopted, with two replications per area per treatment. We evaluated the agronomic performance of the fruit trees, the categories of the light environment, and the plant accumulation under the canopies. The acerola fruit trees of the variety Roxinha had higher Leaf area index (LAI) and Light interception (LI) values, showing a denser canopy with small porosity and the lowest light quality available to the plants beneath the canopy (lower red/far-red ratio), thereby decreasing plant accumulation under trees. The guava fruit trees showed higher growth rates than the other fruit trees, but lower LAI and LI values and a higher red/far-red ratio, allowing higher plant growth under the canopy. Cajá trees showed a similar behavior; however, this species is deciduous, which limits its potential use in integrated systems. Banana and coconut trees were highly dependent on irrigation during the dry season. The remaining species showed an adequate growth and potential to control plant species growth under their canopies.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation Analysis of Dormancy Release in Almond (Prunus dulcis) Flower Buds Using Epi-Genotyping by Sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela Prudencio ◽  
Olaf Werner ◽  
Pedro Martínez-García ◽  
Federico Dicenta ◽  
Rosa Ros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Representation

DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications have been described as epigenetic regulation mechanisms involved in developmental transitions in plants, including seasonal changes in fruit trees. In species like almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A: Webb), prolonged exposure to cold temperatures is required for dormancy release and flowering. Aiming to identify genomic regions with differential methylation states in response to chill accumulation, we carried out Illumina reduced-representation genome sequencing on bisulfite-treated DNA from floral buds. To do this, we analyzed almond genotypes with different chilling requirements and flowering times both before and after dormancy release for two consecutive years. The study was performed using epi-Genotyping by Sequencing (epi-GBS). A total of 7317 fragments were sequenced and the samples compared. Out of these fragments, 677 were identified as differentially methylated between the almond genotypes. Mapping these fragments using the Prunus persica (L.) Batsch v.2 genome as reference provided information about coding regions linked to early and late flowering methylation markers. Additionally, the methylation state of ten gene-coding sequences was found to be linked to the dormancy release process.

scholarly journals Evaluation of N-P-K-Ca-Mg dynamics in plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) var. Horvin under nursery conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-341
Author(s):  
Francisco Orduz-Ríos ◽  
Karen Victoria Suárez-Parra ◽  
Pablo Antonio Serrano-Cely ◽  
Pablo Cesar Serrano-Agudelo ◽  
Nicolás Forero-Pineda
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Prunus Salicina ◽  
Tropical Highlands ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Nutritional Balance

Temperate fruit trees are a vital part of the economy of the Cundiboyacense highlands in Colombia. The nursery stage is important because it guarantees development at the final grow site. Little is known about the fertilization processes and nutritional dynamics of deciduous fruit trees in the early stages. This research aimed to evaluate the dynamics of N-P-K-Ca and Mg, along with SPAD units, in grafted plum (Prunus salicina) var. Horvin plants under the conditions of tropical highlands, which were evaluated at different growth points (cm), from grafting to transplant. The foliar N concentrations were the highest, followed by the K, P and Mg concentrations. Macronutrient concentrations in the first-stage of grafted nursery plants require nutritional balance for vegetative development and successful establishment at the definitive grow site.

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