Development of a Cultural Production System for Gobo (Japanese Burdock)

`Takinogawa Long' gobo was seeded with two, three, or four rows per 1.5-m bed at in-row spacings of 7.5, 15, 21.5, and 30 cm. Total and marketable increased with in-row spacing and marketable yield increased with row number with the greatest yields occurring at 15, regardless of row number. Average root weight and yield of forked roots was not affected by row number, but increased with in row spacing. Similarly, percentage of forked roots decreased with more rows per bed. The 15-cm in-row spacing had the greatest yield, but also the greatest weight of culled roots, but none of the populations affected the percentage culls. In another study, in-row subsoiling (SS) and in-row banded phosphorus (P) were evaluated. Marketable yield was increased by both SS and P, but they did not interact. P increased average root weight. Neither SS or P affected forked root yield or cull root yield, but SS decreased forked roots and increased cull production.

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Influences of spacing on yield and root size of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under ridge-furrow production

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2021-0062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 826-835

Author(s):

Habtamu Tegen ◽

Mnuyelet Jembere

Keyword(s):

Production System ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Yield ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Production Practice ◽

Raised Bed ◽

System Information ◽

Root Size

Abstract Although there is adequate information on the influence of plant population on root yield and size of carrot on flat and raised bed for rain fed production system, information on ridge-furrow bed preparation method is limited for irrigation production system. Therefore, in this study, field experiments were conducted for 2 years to determine the appropriate spacing of carrot on ridge-furrow carrot production practice under irrigation. Root yield increased significantly as the population increased. On the contrary, root size significantly decreased as population increased. The result of combined analysis over season and locations indicated that the narrowest spacing of 10 cm × 4 cm rows on the ridge and between plants, respectively, which accommodates 1,250,000 plants ha−1 gave significantly highest marketable carrot root yield of 26 t ha−1 followed by 22.6 t ha−1 with spacing of 20 cm × 4 cm which accommodates 1,000,000 plants ha−1, but it produced the smallest individual root weight of 83 g which is mostly preferred for household consumption unlike jumbo roots. Therefore, in terms of root sizes and marketable yield, the current study identified that spacing of 10 cm × 4 cm is optimum on ridge-furrow carrot production practices.

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430 Spacing and Subsoiling Affect Yield and Quality of Gobo (Japanese Burdock)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.518d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 518D-518

Author(s):

D.C. Sanders ◽

W.R. Jester

Keyword(s):

Row Spacing ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Yield ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Yield And Quality

During 2 years, `Takinogawa Long' gobo was seeded with two, three, or four rows per 1.5-m bed at in row spacings of 7.5, 15, 21.5, and 30 cm. Total and marketable yield increased with in-row spacing and marketable yield increased with row number, with greatest yields occurring at 15 cm regardless of row number. Average root weight and yield of forked roots were not affected by row number but increased with in row spacing. Similarly, percent forked roots decreased with more rows per bed. The 15-cm in-row spacing had the greatest yield, but also the greatest weight of culled roots, but none of the populations affected percentage culls. In another study, in-row subsoiling (SS) and in-row banded phosphorus (P) were evaluated. Marketable yield was increased by both SS and P but did not interact. P increased average root weight. Neither SS or P affected forked root yield or cull root yield, but SS decreased forked roots and increased cull production.

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The influence of seed type and plant density on variation in plant size of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) crops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600059451 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. 563-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. R. Benjamin ◽

N. Bell

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Plant Size ◽

The Other ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Root Weight ◽

Variable Response ◽

Root Yield ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Fourth Experiment

SUMMARYIn each of three experiments, five seed lots, representing multigerm, monogerm, open pollinated and hybrid types, were grown at three plant densities and the time of seedling emergence, uniformity of within-row spacing, the weight of individual shoots and roots at four occasions were recorded.Seedling emergence was more rapid in a May-sown experiment than in a March-sown experiment. The monogerm seed lot had a lower standard deviation of emergence time in the May-sown experiment and in all experiments had a more uniform within-row spacing than the other seed lots, but there was no consistent relationship between these two attributes and uniformity of root weight.The mean weight of shoots and roots increased rapidly until 600 day °C above 6 had accumulated. The yield of shoots then remained constant at about 30 t/ha at 47 plants/ m2 and at about 40 t/ha at 188 plants/m2. The weight of roots increased throughout the experiments and yields of over 100 t/ha were achieved. The monogerm seed lot gave a ceiling shoot yield about 20% less than that of the other seed lots, whereas there were no large or consistent differences in root yield between the different seed lots. Shoot yield increased with plant density, especially at very early harvests, whereas root yield showed a variable response to density. At early harvests in all experiments, root yield increased with increasing density; at late harvests in one experiment, yield de-creased with density, but in another there was no marked response to density.Coefficient of variation (c.v.) of root weight was only about 30% in young unthickened roots, but in older thickened roots was between 70 and 117% at 47 plants/m2, and in-creased to over 180% at 188 plants/m2. The c.v. of root weight of the monogerm seed lot was approximately 20% less than that of the other seed lots.In a fourth experiment, plots were thinned to leave within each row either a uniform or a clumped distribution of seedlings of either uniform or variable size. Uniformity of spacing had no effect on variation in root weight 126 days after sowing, but selecting for seedlings of uniform size reduced the c.v. of root weight by approximately 20%.

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Beetroot and radish root yield in organic double-cropping production system

Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ◽

10.5937/ratpov57-26906 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Milan Ugrinović ◽

Bogoljub Zečević ◽

Zdenka Girek ◽

Suzana Pavlović ◽

Ivan Krga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production System ◽

Organic Production ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Yield ◽

Public Attention ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Double Cropping ◽

Radish Root ◽

Microbial Fertilizers

Despite numerous positive effects on the environment, increased demands, intense research, and adequate public attention, crops grown according to the principles of organic production still occupy considerably small areas. It is difficult for certified producers to decide to expand the production of certified organic vegetables. One of the reasons is the insufficiently developed growing technology of different vegetable species in accordance with the law and regulations on organic production. Intercropping, growing of subsequent crops, and application of microbiological fertilizers are considered as the most useful techniques for yield increases in sustainable growing practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities for enhancing root yield of beetroot and radish, when grown as second crops in an organic double-cropping production system. The effects of intercropping and applying microbial fertilizers on the vegetable root weights were assessed. Intercropping was with green beans, implemented by replacement series method. Two microbial fertilizers were applied, one containing selected strains of Bacillus megatherium, B. licheniformis, B. suptilis, Azotobacter chrocoocum, A. vinelandi and Derxia sp. (M1), and other with Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter sp., Penicillium oxalicum and Fusarium sp. (M2). Intercropping and microbial fertilizers contributed to the root weight increase. The highest root weights were noted for the intercropped plants treated with M1 (beetroot, 151.8 g) and M2 (radish, 351.0 g), which was 23.5% and 15.5% higher than in the sole crop unfertilized control. The results imply combining intercropping and the appropriate microbial fertilizers as an effective strategy for increasing yields of organically grown beetroot and radish.

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Impact of Row Spacing and Herbicide Rate and Application Method on Weed Control and Harvest Efficiency of Lima Bean

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.9.4.636 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 636-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sujatha Sankula ◽

Mark J. VanGessel ◽

Walter E. Kee ◽

J.L. Glancey

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Production System ◽

Lima Bean ◽

Field Studies ◽

Commercial Production ◽

Phaseolus Lunatus ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Bean Yield ◽

Harvest Efficiency

Field studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate labeled (1×) or reduced (0.5×) rates of metolachlor plus imazethapyr preemergence either broadcast or band applications to lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) planted in 30-inch (76-cm) or 15-inch (38-cm) rows for weed control, yield, harvestability, and harvest recovery. Lima bean was planted in large plots simulating a commercial production system. All 30-inch rows were cultivated once 40 days after planting in 1997 and 21 days after planting in 1998. No differences were noted in weed densities between treatments both years. Marketable lima bean yield was greater from plots thatwere spaced 15 inches apart in 1997 only. However, total hand-harvested yield in both years, machine-harvested yield in 1998, and marketable yield in 1998 were not different between treatments. Measurements on harvest recovery revealed that a greater number of unstripped pods were left on plants after harvest in 15-inch row plots that were sprayed broadcast with 1× herbicide rate in 1997 only. Weight of beans lost per unit area and trash weight from 7-oz (200-g) bean sample was similar among treatments both years. Overall, weed control, yield, and harvest efficacy of lima bean was not impacted by row spacing, herbicide rate, or method of herbicide application in a commercial production system.

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(370) In-row Plant Spacing Affects Early Season Fruit Yield of Strawberry Grown in a Winter, Annual Hill Production System

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1058c ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1058C-1058

Author(s):

Craig K. Chandler ◽

Daniel E. Legard ◽

Chang-Lin Xiao ◽

James C. Mertely

Keyword(s):

Production System ◽

Unit Area ◽

Spacing Effect ◽

Early Period ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Late Period ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Winter Annual

On standard two-row black polyethylene covered beds, `Camarosa', `Rosa Linda', and `Sweet Charlie' strawberry plants were grown at 23, 31, 38, or 46 cm within-row spacing during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at Dover, Fla. Ripe fruit were harvested twice weekly from December through March. The first 8 weeks of harvest was considered the early period; the late period consisted of all harvests after the first 8 weeks. The effect of spacing on early marketable yield was consistent across seasons and cultivars. The 23-cm spacing resulted in the highest marketable yield per unit area, followed by the 31-, 38-, and 46-cm spacing. The percentage of fruit that were small (unmarketable) was higher at the 23-cm spacing than at the wider spacings (40% vs. 35% or 36%), but spacing did not affect the percentage of fruit that were misshapen. For the late harvest period, a spacing effect on marketable yield occurred in 1998–99, but not in 1997–98. The 23-, 31-, and 38-cm spacings in 1998–99 resulted in similar late period yields, which were 15% to 21% higher than the yield resulting from the 46-cm spacing. These results indicate that marketable yields per plant during the late period were higher at the wider spacings.

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YIELD OF MARGARET QUEEN RADISH HYBRID ACCORDING TO THE SPACING

JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE ◽

10.32404/rean.v7i3.4372 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 39-45

Author(s):

Marlei Rosa dos Santos ◽

Romário Da Silva Moreira ◽

Tadeu Barbosa Martins Silva ◽

Ronildo Almeida de Sousa ◽

Rubenalto Da Silva Almeida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Planting Density ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Yield ◽

Number Of Leaves

Currently, some important hybrids have replaced traditional radish cultivars, without, however, developing necessary studies on the best planting density for different Brazilian conditions. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of spacing between rows and plants on the development and yield of the ‘Margaret Queen’ radish hybrid. A randomized blocks experimental design with four replications in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme was used. Three row spacings (10, 15, and 20 cm) and three spacings between plants in the row (3, 6, and 9 cm) were evaluated. The seeds were sown in furrows at 1.0 cm deep, and the harvest was carried out at 28 days after sowing. The following were determined: number of leaves, root diameter, root length, average root weight, non-damaged root yield, damaged root yield, commercial root yield, and non-commercial root yield. The row spacing did not influence the development of the plants, but it affected the root yield. The row spacing of 20 cm had the lowest root yield. The spacings that provided the highest commercial root yield (D30 mm) of the Margaret Queen radish hybrid were 10 and 15 cm between rows and 6 cm between plants. The 3 cm spacing between plants is the least suitable for the cultivation of the Margaret Queen radish hybrid radish under the studied conditions.

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Evaluation of improved cassava genotypes for yield and related traits for a better breeding strategy under different agroecologies in Nigeria

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/s10681-021-02798-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 217 (4) ◽

Author(s):

N. A. Adetoro ◽

O. O. Oworu ◽

A. L. Nassir ◽

A. Bello ◽

E. Parkes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Pasting Properties ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Yield ◽

Root Characteristics ◽

Stay Green ◽

Fresh Root

AbstractThis study aimed at determining shoot and root characteristics of cassava as affected by root yield and the influence of soil moisture on vegetative growth and yield. Thirty cassava genotypes were evaluated for morphological and physiological characterization in three locations in Nigeria: Ibadan, Mokwa and Zaria. Randomized complete block design was used with four replicates. Studies on the pasting properties of the genotypes were also carried out. Data were collected on plant height, stem girth, stay-green ability, garri and fresh root weight. Genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.05) across and within locations for shoot and root characteristics. Across locations, genotype 011663 had the highest plant height (132.4 cm); 30572 had the largest stem girth (8.6 cm); and 010040 was the best stay-green (2.2). Genotype 011086 had the highest number of roots per plot (95.7), 950289 had the highest fresh root yield (24.3 t/ha), and 990554 had the highest percentage of dry matter (35.2). Trends in root yields across locations were Ibadan (28.9 t/ha), Mokwa (20.3 t/ha), and Zaria (8 t/ha). Five genotypes IITA-TMS-IBA950289, 010034, 990554, 011807, and 980581 had negligible interactions with the environment and so have broad adaptation and are considered stable; and two clones 011807 and 950166 were found to be the best for pasting properties. Breeding strategies that consider root size, total root number, harvest index, dry matter, with applications for household foods and industrial uses, will be an effective and efficient way to select genotypes for high yield.

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Nitrogen Application and Leaf Harvesting Improves Yield and Nutritional Quality of Beetroot

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03599-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 337-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Salfina S. Mampa ◽

Martin M. Maboko ◽

Puffy Soundy ◽

Dharini Sivakumar

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Root Weight ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Root Yield ◽

N Application ◽

Leaf Yield ◽

Leaf Harvest

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris), commonly known as table beet, is used as a staple in the diet of many people through the consumption of the entire plant, leaf, and the root. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) application and leaf harvest percentage on the yield and quality of roots and leaves of beetroot. The treatment design was a randomized complete block design with five levels of N (0, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg·ha−1) combined with three leaf harvest percentages (0, 30, and 50) and replicated three times. The first leaf harvest was initiated 35 days after transplanting (DAT) by removing the outer matured leaves and the second harvest occurred 80 DAT by removing all the leaves. The results showed increases in leaf and root yield with an increase in N application. Nitrogen application at 90 and 120 kg·ha−1 increased fresh leaf weight, leaf number, and fresh and dry root weight, including root diameter and length with the exception of leaf area which was significantly higher at 120 kg·ha−1 N. Magnesium and iron leaf content, and N root content were significantly improved by the application of 120 kg·ha−1 N. Leaf harvest percentage did not have a significant effect on leaf yield or leaf and root mineral content. However, dry root weight was significantly reduced by the 50% leaf harvest. Leaf harvest at 30% or 50% increased total protein content of the roots of beetroot, whereas an increase in N application decreased concentration of total proteins. Results demonstrate that leaf and root yield, as well as magnesium, zinc, and iron leaf content, increased with the application of 120 kg·ha−1 N, whereas 30% leaf harvest did not negatively affect root yield.

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Yield traits as selection indices in seedling populations of cassava

Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.1590/s1984-70332010000300002 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 191-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Henry Fred Ojulong ◽

Maryke Tine Labuschagne ◽

Liezel Herselman ◽

Martin Fregene

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Tuber Yield ◽

Selection Index ◽

Matter Content ◽

Root Weight ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Root Yield ◽

Breeding Scheme ◽

Selection Indices ◽

Root Quality

The cassava breeding scheme currently used is long, because initial stages concentrate mainly on improving yield, with root quality selection following later. To shorten the scheme, yield and root quality should be selected simultaneously, starting at the seedling nursery. In this study, a nursery comprising of eight cassava families and 1885 seedlings developed from parents adapted to three major agro-ecologies, were evaluated for yield related traits in Colombia. Percentage dry matter content (DMC) and harvest index produced similar ranking of the parents. Tuber yield, weight, and number showed potential of increasing yield through conventional breeding. A selection index including fresh root yield, percentage DMC, root weight and roots per plant, with heavier weights being assigned to root weight and roots per plant, should be used.

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