scholarly journals The Correlation between Cellular Features and Gene Expression in ‘Korla’ Fragrant Pear

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Wen-hui Li ◽  
Jian-rong Feng ◽  
Shi-kui Zhang ◽  
Zhang-hu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

‘Korla’ fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis T.T. Yu) variety has shown severe coarse skin in recent years. The intrinsic quality of its coarse fruit shows an increase in the number of stone cells and poor taste. In this study, stone cells and the cell wall of coarse pear (CP) and normal pear (NP) during various development stages were compared using paraffin-sectioning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the relationships between lignin-related genes and stone cell formation and cell wall thickening were also analyzed. Our results show that giant stone cells are formed and distributed in the core of pear, whereas many of these crack 60 days after flowering (DAF). The period of stone cell fragmentation occurs later in CP fruits than in NP fruits. Parenchyma cell wall development in CP and NP fruits varies from 120 DAF to maturity. The parenchyma cell wall of CP fruits thickens, whereas that of NP fruits is thinner during the same period. The expression pattern of five genes (Pp4CL1-l, PpHCT-l, Pp4CL2-l, PpPOD4, and PpPOD25) coincides with changes in stone cell content in the pulp. Correlation analysis demonstrates a significant correlation between stone cell content and the expression level of the five genes (ρ < 0.05). In addition, the expression of those five genes and PpCCR1 genes in CP fruits significantly increases during maturation and is highly correlated with the thickness of the parenchyma cell wall. The aim of this work is to provide insights into the mechanism of stone cell and parenchyma cell wall development in pear fruits and identify important candidate genes to regulate the quality of fruit texture using bioengineering methods.

scholarly journals Effects of Metaxenia on Stone Cell Formation in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) Based on Transcriptomic Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Lignin-Related Gene PbC4H2

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jinyun Zhang ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Tianzhe Chen ◽  
Guohui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pollen Parent ◽  
Seed Parent ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

The deposition of lignin in flesh parenchyma cells for pear stone cells, and excessive stone cells reduce the taste and quality of the fruit. The effect of metaxenia on the quality of fruit has been heavily studied, but the effect of metaxenia on stone cell formation has not been fully elucidated to date. This study used P. bretschneideri (Chinese white pear) cv. ‘Yali’ (high-stone cell content) and P. pyrifolia (Sand pear) cv. ‘Cuiguan’ (low-stone cell content) as pollination trees to pollinate P. bretschneideri cv. ‘Lianglizaosu’ separately to fill this gap in the literature. The results of quantitative determination, histochemical staining and electron microscopy indicated that the content of stone cells and lignin in YL fruit (‘Yali’ (pollen parent) × ‘Lianglizaosu’ (seed parent)) was significantly higher than that in CL fruit (‘Cuiguan’ (pollen parent) × ‘Lianglizaosu’ (seed parent)). The transcriptome sequencing results that were obtained from the three developmental stages of the two types of hybrid fruits indicated that a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin signal transduction (AUX/IAAs and ARFs), lignin biosynthesis, and lignin metabolism regulation (MYBs, LIMs, and KNOXs) between the CL and YL fruits at the early stage of fruit development. Therefore, metaxenia might change the signal transduction process of auxin in pear fruit, thereby regulating the expression of transcription factors (TFs) related to lignin metabolism, and ultimately affecting lignin deposition and stone cell development. In addition, we performed functional verification of a differentially expressed gene, PbC4H2 (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase). Heterologous expression of PbC4H2 in the c4h mutant not only restored its collapsed cell wall, but also significantly increased the lignin content in the inflorescence stem. The results of our research help to elucidate the metaxenia-mediated regulation of pear stone cell development and clarify the function of PbC4H2 in cell wall development and lignin synthesis, which establishes a foundation for subsequent molecular breeding.

scholarly journals Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals the complex molecular mechanisms underlying stone cell formation in Korla pear

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisajan Mamat ◽  
Kuerban Tusong ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Chuang Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractKorla pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü) is a landrace selected from a hybrid pear species in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China. In recent years, pericarp roughening has been one of the major factors that adversely affects fruit quality. Compared with regular fruits, rough-skin fruits have a greater stone cell content. Stone cells compose sclerenchyma tissue that is formed by secondary thickening of parenchyma cell walls. In this work, we determined the main components of stone cells by isolating them from the pulp of rough-skin fruits at the ripening stage. Stone cell staining and apoptosis detection were then performed on fruit samples that were collected at three different developmental stages (20, 50 and 80 days after flowering (DAF)) representing the prime, late and stationary stages of stone cell differentiation, respectively. The same batches of samples were used for parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to identify candidate genes and proteins that are related to SCW biogenesis in Korla pear fruits. The results showed that stone cells are mainly composed of cellulose (52%), hemicellulose (23%), lignin (20%) and a small amount of polysaccharides (3%). The periods of stone cell differentiation and cell apoptosis were synchronous and primarily occurred from 0 to 50 DAF. The stone cell components increased abundantly at 20 DAF but then decreased gradually. A total of 24,268 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1011 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. We screened the DEGs and DAPs that were enriched in SCW-related pathways, including those associated with lignin biosynthesis (94 DEGs and 31 DAPs), cellulose and xylan biosynthesis (46 DEGs and 18 DAPs), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolic processes (10 DEGs and 3 DAPs), apoplastic ROS production (16 DEGs and 2 DAPs), and cell death (14 DEGs and 6 DAPs). Among the identified DEGs and DAPs, 63 significantly changed at both the transcript and protein levels during the experimental periods. In addition, the majority of these identified genes and proteins were expressed the most at the prime stage of stone cell differentiation, but their levels gradually decreased at the later stages.

Ultrastructure of parenchyma cell wall in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) culms

Cellulose ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 7321-7329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiping Lian ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Shuqin Zhang ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Junji Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Phyllostachys Edulis ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

scholarly journals Astringency in ʻGiomboʼ persimmon and its relationship with the harvest time

Revista CERES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 646-652
Author(s):  
Magda Andréia Tessmer ◽  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória ◽  
Ricardo Alfredo Kluge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

ABSTRACT ʻGiomboʼ is one of most cultivated persimmon cultivars in Brazil. It is a late-harvest cultivar and requires treatment for astringency removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ethanol and the effect of harvest time on reducing astringency, physicochemical and anatomical characteristics of 'Giombo' persimmon. Two experiments were carried out, one in each growing season, with five treatments corresponding to exposure to 1.70 mL kg-1ethanol for 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. At the end of the growing season (2011) the fruits achieved the astringency index and levels of soluble tannins suitable for consumption in 24 hours, and at the beginning of the growing season (2012) in 36 hours, indicating that the efficiency of the treatment is related to harvest time and ethanol exposure time. Astringency removal with ethanol affects the cell structure with accumulation of substances inside the cells and in intercellular spaces, resulting in the degradation of the parenchyma cell wall. To avoid such damage and maintain fruit quality, it is recommended the combination of low ethanol doses with less ethanol exposure time.

Microtubules and cell wall development in differentiating protophloem sieve elements of Triticum aestivum L

1987 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-607
Author(s):  
E. P. ELEFTHERIOU
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Developing Area

The densities of microtubules (MTs) along the lateral walls of developing sieve elements in root protophloem of wheat have been investigated by electron microscopy. They increase gradually in the very young sieve elements to reach a maximum just before the initiation of wall thickening. During wall increment MTs remain at high densities (more than 10 MTs μm−1), but their number declines abruptly when wall material deposition ceases. Cell wall thickening is not uniform: broad ridges alternate with narrow depressions, the latter occupied by plasmodesmata. During wall material deposition MTs overlie the thickenings only, being entirely absent from the non-thickened areas. The orientation of MTs reflects that of the currently deposited cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall, all being perpendicular to the direction of cell expansion. Numerous vesicles, apparently of Golgi apparatus origin, are encountered amongst the cortical arrays of MTs. Though the least spacing between the contiguous MTs is much smaller than the diameter of even the smallest vesicles, the latter were seen amongst the MTs, indicating that MTs do not prevent the vesicles from passing between them towards the developing area. All results favour the suggestion that MTs in sieve elements are involved in cell wall pattern development, cellulose microfibril orientation, and presumably in cell elongation.

Parenchyma cell wall structure in twining stem of Dioscorea balcanica

Cellulose ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 4653-4669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasna Simonović Radosavljević ◽  
Jelena Bogdanović Pristov ◽  
Aleksandra Lj. Mitrović ◽  
Gabor Steinbach ◽  
Gregory Mouille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

scholarly journals Stone Cells in Fruit of Pears Influenced by Water Stress and Calcium

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 761D-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wol-Soo Kim* ◽  
Jin-Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Spherical Type ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Thickening

To find out the formation time of stone cell, drought stress, isolated from water by plastic house, was inflicted on pear trees at 30 days before full bloom, full bloom stage, 30 days after full bloom and 60 days after full bloom during 30 days, respectively. Adhesiveness, gumminess, cohesiveness and chewiness increased suddenly in fruits contained stone cell more then 28.0mg/g in flesh and hardness was higher in pear fruit with higher stone cells, but the changes of the springiness as contents of the stone cells showed no difference. By optical microscope, stone cell observed first from 14 days after full bloom. The adjacent cells to stone cell was first showed spherical type on initial forming stage but showed radial form at 90 days after full bloom. The shape of stone cell inspected by SEM was like a cluster and its size was various. By using TEM, components of stone cell, such as nucleus and vacuole, and secondary cell wall thickening were observed, so it could consider that the stone cell is living thing. The largest amount of stone cell clusters existed beneath fruit skin. The stone cell in flesh enlarged by drought stress compared to control, and then stone cell per areas was the largest at 30 days after full bloom. Therefore, it seems that the drought stress became a cause of inducing stone cell. The stone cell was decreased by the application of calcium chloride 0.5 %, on 30 days after full bloom. Also, fruit firmness was increased compared to control on harvest time. Calcium chloride application showed a possibility for the inhibition of stone cell formation

scholarly journals Histone methyltransferase ATX1 dynamically regulates fiber secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis inflorescence stem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianqiang Wang ◽  
Denghui Wang ◽  
Wenjian Xu ◽  
Lingfei Kong ◽  
Xiao Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Histone Methyltransferase ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Inflorescence Stem ◽  
Secondary Wall Thickening ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Stem Development

Abstract Secondary wall thickening in the sclerenchyma cells is strictly controlled by a complex network of transcription factors in vascular plants. However, little is known about the epigenetic mechanism regulating secondary wall biosynthesis. In this study, we identified that ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG of TRITHORAX1 (ATX1), a H3K4-histone methyltransferase, mediates the regulation of fiber cell wall development in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome-wide analysis revealed that the up-regulation of genes involved in secondary wall formation during stem development is largely coordinated by increasing level of H3K4 tri-methylation. Among all histone methyltransferases for H3K4me3 in Arabidopsis, ATX1 is markedly increased during the inflorescence stem development and loss-of-function mutant atx1 was impaired in secondary wall thickening in interfascicular fibers. Genetic analysis showed that ATX1 positively regulates secondary wall deposition through activating the expression of secondary wall NAC master switch genes, SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN1 (SND1) and NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (NST1). We further identified that ATX1 directly binds the loci of SND1 and NST1, and activates their expression by increasing H3K4me3 levels at these loci. Taken together, our results reveal that ATX1 plays a key role in the regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis in interfascicular fibers during inflorescence stem development of Arabidopsis.

Development and Structure of Pit Membranes in the Rhizome of the Woody Fern Botrychium Dissectum

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela C. Morrow ◽  
Roland R. Dute
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Combined Features ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel rhizomes were examined at monthly intervals from February 1993 through December 1994. Sampies taken ranged from those with an inactive cambium and only mature tracheids to those having an active cambium and immature tracheids. The vascular cambium became activated in the early fall prior to maturation of the leaf and fertile spike complex. Intertracheid pit membranes with tori were present in all sampies, although the morphology of the torus varied. The presence of tori was first observed in a tracheid that had just initiated its secondary wall formation. As the pit membrane matured, matrix material was hydrolyzed first from the margo area, then from the torus, and eventually the pit membrane was represented only by a very thin network of microfibrils. In addition, studies confirmed that tracheids bordering parenchyma cells developed a torus thickening, aIthough no thickening of the parenchyma cell wall occurred. Torus ontogeny in B. dissectum combined features previously described for angiosperms and gymnosperms.

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