Pretreatment and biotreatment of saline industrial wastewaters

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J.W. Tuin ◽  
R. Geerts ◽  
J.B. Westerink ◽  
C.G. van Ginkel
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Aerobic Treatment ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Akzo Nobel ◽  
Adaptation Time ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Anaerobic Pretreatment

Wastewater from an Akzo Nobel production site contains more than 50 g/l total dissolved salts, mainly chlorides and sulphates, and is currently being treated after 10–20× dilution. Biological treatment of undiluted or less diluted wastewater is very desirable for environmental and economic reasons. Possibilities were investigated in laboratory scale reactors to treat this highly saline and high strength wastewater aerobically, either after long adaptation or after removing part of the salts by a pretreatment. Adaptation and selection from mixed activated sludge populations took approximately 40 days to finally achieve a COD removal in aerobic treatment of 55–65% at two times dilution (11–16 g/l chloride and 5–7 g/l sulphate). Undiluted wastewater was not treatable. A higher removal percentage (>80%) was possible at the original high salt concentration only when the sludge load was limited to approximately 0.4–0.5 kg COD/kg sludge/day. A longer adaptation time was required. Nanofiltration (NF) and crystallization could be used as a pretreatment to remove and recover up to 80% of the sulphate in the form of crystallized Glauber salt. Recovery strongly depended on the sulphate and chloride concentration in the NF concentrate and on crystallization temperature. The salt (sulphate) reduction through the NF improved the removal efficiency of a consecutive biotreatment only at a relatively low chloride level, demonstrating that the combination of nanofiltration-crystallization-aerobic biodegradation is less feasible for very saline wastewaters. Anaerobic pretreatment of saline waters turned out to be rather sensitive to high salinities. Only wastewater diluted to 10 g/l chloride could be treated well: sulphate concentration decreased by 80% and COD by 40%. Removal efficiencies of the combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment were approximately 80–85%, proving that this was a feasible route for 2–3× diluted wastewater. The study has shown that several alternatives are available for treatment of the very saline wastewaters at a much lower degree of dilution than currently practiced.

scholarly journals Biological treatment of whey in an UASFF bioreactor followed a three-stage RBC

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiye Ebrahimi ◽  
Ghasem Najafpour ◽  
Maedeh Mohammadi ◽  
Babak Hashemiyeh
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Aerobic Treatment ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Anaerobic Process ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Biological treatment of a high strength chesses whey wastewater was investigated in a series of aerobic-anaerobic experiments. Aerobic treatment of the wastewater was conducted in a three-stage rotating biological contactor (NRBC), while the anaerobic process was performed in an up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) bioreactor. Various concentrations of wastewater with influent COD of 40,000 to 70,000 mg/L were introduced in to NRBC system. Treatability of the samples at various HRTs of 8, 12 and 16 h was evaluated in the NRBC reactor. The effluent streams of the NRBC system were introduced into UASFF bioreactor. Anaerobic treatment of the pretreated samples was investigated in an UASFF with the same HRTs of 8, 12 and 16 h. The obtained results revealed that more than 53, 69 and 78% of the influent COD (50,000 mg/L) were removed in NRBC reactor at HRTs of 8, 12 and 16 h, respectively. Maximum COD removal efficiencies of 96, 96.8, 97.4 and 96.4% were achieved in the combined systems at total HRT of 32 h for influent COD of 40,000, 50,000, 60,000 and 70,000 mg/L, respectively.

Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Survival and regulation in sea-water media was studied in the freshwater caddises Limnephilus stigma and Anabolia nervosa. 2. The majority of larvae did not survive for more than a few days at external salt concentrations greater than about 6o mM./l. NaCl. 3. In sea-water media the haemolymph osmotic pressure increased to remain slightly hyper-osmotic to the medium. The haemolymph sodium level also increased to remain slightly hypertonic to the medium, but the chloride level was maintained hypotonic until just prior to death of the larvae. 4. When the haemolymph chloride concentration was raised above the normal level, the Malpighian tubule-rectal system elaborated fluid in which the chloride concentration was hypertonic to the haemolymph. The system is highly sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. 5. The regulation of body-fluid composition in the freshwater caddises is compared with that found previously in the euryhaline larvae of Limnephilus affinis. It is suggested that the maintenance of a low haemolymph sodium concentration in L. affinis larvae is an important part of the adaptation for survival in salt water.

scholarly journals Distillation Cleanup Preceded GC Determination of Short-Chain Monocarboxylic Acids in Aqueous and Solid Samples of Wastewater Origin

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-431
Author(s):  
Anna Banel ◽  
Anna Jakimska ◽  
Marta Wasielewska ◽  
Bogdan Zygmunt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Aqueous Sample ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Solid Samples ◽  
Monocarboxylic Acids

Distillation Cleanup Preceded GC Determination of Short-Chain Monocarboxylic Acids in Aqueous and Solid Samples of Wastewater OriginShort-chain monocarboxylic acids (SCMAs) (C2-C5) formed in the process of aerobic biodegradation of larger organic molecules should often be monitored to optimize wastewater biological treatment and study the processes of converting organic waste matter into methane, etc. Gas chromatography (GC) seems a method of choice for such a task. Majority of samples require clean up before they can be injected into GC system. In this work a special refluxing apparatus is applied to concentrate and clean up the troublesome environment samples before injection into GC. To optimize separation of SCMAs in aqueous sample a special arrangement of two capillary columns, of very different polarity was used. The operational parameters of sample preparation were optimized and enrichment factors determined. The procedure developed was applied to determine SCMAs in troublesome aqueous and solid samples of wastewater treatment origin.

Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment for AOX Removal

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Aerobic Treatment ◽  
Abiotic Degradation ◽  
In Series ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Significant Chemical ◽  
Aox Removal ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

A two-year study has focused on AOX removal from bleaching wastewaters in anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment, using bench scale bioreactors operated in parallel and in series. Significantly higher removals have been found in anaerobic than in aerobic treatment. Earlier work with dilute kraft bleaching wastes has been extended in additional laboratory tests and at a nearby kraft mill. 50-75% fractions of bleaching wastes were treated. Toxicity in the anaerobic process was encountered at 85% bleach waste fractions. Total AOX removal experienced in aerobic treatment is 30-35%, in anaerobic treatment 40-45%, and in an anaerobic/aerobic sequence 50-55%. Percentage removals were not sensitive to the fraction of bleaching wastewater. Several process modifications were attempted to try to obtain higher removals with only marginal success. Studies at a kraft mill confirmed the AOX removals that had been found in lab studies. AOX removal occurs by several mechanisms. There is a very significant chemical or abiotic degradation that occurs after neutralization, perhaps enhanced by reductants or other inorganic salts. Biological processes are much more significant in anaerobic than in aerobic treatment. Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation affects specific chlorinated compounds and catalyzed AOX degradation is facilitated by reduced coenzymes that are produced by bacteria. Removal by sorption or insolubilization is relatively minor in aerobic and anaerobic processes.

Development of a Pretreatment Program to Improve Biological Treatability of High Strength and Toxic Industrial Wastewater

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brenner ◽  
S. Belkin ◽  
A. Abeliovich
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Control Program ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Wastewater Stream ◽  
Biological Treatability ◽  
Biological Treatment Process

A biological treatment process has been suggested as the main treatment stage for a high (organic) strength industrial wastewater stream, discharged by several chemical industries within a large industrial park. Treatability studies have indicated that the wastes contain a fraction of toxic and non-biodegradable organic matter, which limits the implementation of a conventional biological treatment process for the combined wastewater stream. Therefore, an in-plant control program including waste segregation and process-specific pretreatments is proposed. A protocol that enables selection of waste streams amenable to biological treatment and identification of problematic streams requiring pretreatment is presented and demonstrated. It includes simplified laboratory procedures used for chemical and toxicological characterization of source streams originating in various processes. The results can be used for the development of a pretreatment program for problematic waste streams, based upon local small-scale solutions.

scholarly journals Study of chloride concentration of Nira River, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivaji Jadhav ◽  
Mrunalini Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Quality Water

The present work deals with the study of Chloride concentration of Nira River in the year 2016. Fresh water is essential to existence of life. Acceptable quality water is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. In natural fresh water, the concentration is quite low. The important source of chloride in the water is the discharge of domestic sewage. Chlorides are highly soluble in water so they do not get precipitate and cannot be removed by biological treatment of water. If the amount of chloride is beyond the permissible limit then it can corrode by extracting calcium in the form of calcide. Here in the present work the amount of chloride observed is within the permissible limit for Nira river. 

scholarly journals Biotechnology for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Wastewater Treatment: A Review

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2126
Author(s):  
Riham Surkatti ◽  
Muftah H. El-Naas ◽  
Mark C. M. Van Loosdrecht ◽  
Abdelbaki Benamor ◽  
Fatima Al-Naemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cell Immobilization ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Gas To Liquid

Gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology involves the conversion of natural gas into several liquid hydrocarbon products. The Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process is the most widely applied approach for GTL, and it is the main source of wastewater in the GTL process. The wastewater is generally characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) content due to the presence of alcohol, ketones and organic acids. The discharge of this highly contaminated wastewater without prior treatment can cause adverse effects on human life and aquatic systems. This review examines aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment methods that have been shown to reduce the concentration of COD and organic compounds in wastewater. Advanced biological treatment methods, such as cell immobilization and application of nanotechnology are also evaluated. The removal of alcohol and volatile fatty acids (VFA) from GTL wastewater can be achieved successfully under anaerobic conditions. However, the combination of anaerobic systems with aerobic biodegradation processes or chemical treatment processes can be a viable technology for the treatment of highly contaminated GTL wastewater with high COD concentration. The ultimate goal is to have treated wastewater that has good enough quality to be reused in the GTL process, which could lead to cost reduction and environmental benefits.

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