Recent Advances in Speciation Analyses of Tobacco and Other Important Economic Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiping Jiang ◽  
Zhizhang Tian ◽  
Chuntao Zhang ◽  
Dengke Li ◽  
Ruoxin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Method Comparison ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
Balance Accuracy ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Total Elemental Content ◽  
The Impact

Background: Speciation analysis is defined as the analytical activities of identifying and/or measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. The knowledge of elemental species provides more complete information about mobility, bioavailability and the impact of elements on ecological systems or biological organisms. It is no longer sufficient to quantitate the total elemental content of samples to define toxicity or essentiality. Thus speciation analysis is of vital importance and generally offers a better understanding of a specific element. Discussion: Thorough speciation scheme consisting of sampling, sample preparation, species analysis and evaluation were described. Special emphasis is placed on recent speciation analysis approaches including both direct and coupling methods. A current summary of advantages and limitations of the various methods as well as an illustrative method comparison are presented. Certain elements and species of interest are briefly mentioned and practical examples of speciation applications in tobacco and other important economic crops are also discussed. Aim/Conclusion: This review aims to offer comprehensive knowledge about elemental speciation and provide readers with valuable information. Many strategies have been developed for the determination of multiple elemental species in tobacco and other important economic crops. Nevertheless, it is an eternal pursuit to establish speciation methods which can balance accuracy, agility as well as universality.

scholarly journals Shock interactions in inviscid air and $$\hbox {CO}_2$$–$$\hbox {N}_2$$ flows in thermochemical non-equilibrium

Shock Waves ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Garbacz ◽  
W. T. Maier ◽  
J. B. Scoggins ◽  
T. D. Economon ◽  
T. Magin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Shock Interaction ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Shock Interactions ◽  
Wave Interference ◽  
Type V ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractThe present study aims at providing insights into shock wave interference patterns in gas flows when a mixture different than air is considered. High-energy non-equilibrium flows of air and $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 –$$\hbox {N}_2$$ N 2 over a double-wedge geometry are studied numerically. The impact of freestream temperature on the non-equilibrium shock interaction patterns is investigated by simulating two different sets of freestream conditions. To this purpose, the SU2 solver has been extended to account for the conservation of chemical species as well as multiple energies and coupled to the Mutation++ library (Multicomponent Thermodynamic And Transport properties for IONized gases in C++) that provides all the necessary thermochemical properties of the mixture and chemical species. An analysis of the shock interference patterns is presented with respect to the existing taxonomy of interactions. A comparison between calorically perfect ideal gas and non-equilibrium simulations confirms that non-equilibrium effects greatly influence the shock interaction patterns. When thermochemical relaxation is considered, a type VI interaction is obtained for the $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 -dominated flow, for both freestream temperatures of 300 K and 1000 K; for air, a type V six-shock interaction and a type VI interaction are obtained, respectively. We conclude that the increase in freestream temperature has a large impact on the shock interaction pattern of the air flow, whereas for the $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 –$$\hbox {N}_2$$ N 2 flow the pattern does not change.

scholarly journals The Interactions between Polyphenols and Microorganisms, Especially Gut Microbiota

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Makarewicz ◽  
Iwona Drożdż ◽  
Tomasz Tarko ◽  
Aleksandra Duda-Chodak
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

This review presents the comprehensive knowledge about the bidirectional relationship between polyphenols and the gut microbiome. The first part is related to polyphenols’ impacts on various microorganisms, especially bacteria, and their influence on intestinal pathogens. The research data on the mechanisms of polyphenol action were collected together and organized. The impact of various polyphenols groups on intestinal bacteria both on the whole “microbiota” and on particular species, including probiotics, are presented. Moreover, the impact of polyphenols present in food (bound to the matrix) was compared with the purified polyphenols (such as in dietary supplements) as well as polyphenols in the form of derivatives (such as glycosides) with those in the form of aglycones. The second part of the paper discusses in detail the mechanisms (pathways) and the role of bacterial biotransformation of the most important groups of polyphenols, including the production of bioactive metabolites with a significant impact on the human organism (both positive and negative).

scholarly journals The Impact of a Single Educational Lecture on the Vaccine Confidence among Pregnant Women and Young Mothers

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Tkaczyszyn ◽  
Ernest Kuchar ◽  
Ewa Augustynowicz ◽  
Leszek Szenborn
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Young Adult Women ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Preventive Method ◽  
Vaccine Confidence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analogue Scales

Background: We investigated the impact of a single unstructured educational lecture about vaccinations on the vaccine confidence in volunteer participants. Methods: We conducted a survey-based study during a series of open meetings related to pregnancy and parenting. Before and after the pediatrician’s lecture related to vaccinations, listeners completed the visual analogue scales (VAS, 0–15 cm), evaluating (1) self-declared knowledge on vaccinations and (2) how they perceive the safety and efficacy of this preventive method. Results: In total, 484 women aged 30 ± 4 years participated in the lecture (pregnant = 68%; ≥1 children = 56%). Participants declared to have more comprehensive knowledge on preventive vaccinations and perceived vaccines to be safer and more useful (the role for the immunity) after vs. before the lecture (median VAS: 10.4 vs. 7.2, 10.8 vs. 8.7, and 11.0 vs. 10.4 cm, all p < 0.001). Importantly, the prevalence of vaccine-related adverse events was also assessed as being higher after the lecture (median VAS: 9.9 vs. 8.0 cm, p < 0.001). The increase in self-declared knowledge on vaccinations and perceived need for vaccinations (delta VAS—VAS after minus before the lecture, expressed as % of baseline) was lower among participants who rated the lecture less vs. more useful. Importantly, both participants who liked vs. did not like the lecture comparably rated vaccines safer after vs. before the lecture (delta VAS (median, interquartile range): 16% (0–39%) vs. 18% (2–42%), p = 0.39). Conclusions: An educational lecture on vaccinations positively impacts vaccine confidence in young adult women. Irrespective of the subjective rating of the lecture, all listeners perceived vaccinations to be safer after vs. before the speech.

scholarly journals Modeling the regional impact of ship emissions on NO<sub>x</sub> and ozone levels over the Eastern Atlantic and Western Europe using ship plume parameterization

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 6645-6660 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Huszar ◽  
D. Cariolle ◽  
R. Paoli ◽  
T. Halenka ◽  
M. Belda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Nitrogen Monoxide ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Concentrated Source ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In general, regional and global chemistry transport models apply instantaneous mixing of emissions into the model's finest resolved scale. In case of a concentrated source, this could result in erroneous calculation of the evolution of both primary and secondary chemical species. Several studies discussed this issue in connection with emissions from ships and aircraft. In this study, we present an approach to deal with the non-linear effects during dispersion of NOx emissions from ships. It represents an adaptation of the original approach developed for aircraft NOx emissions, which uses an exhaust tracer to trace the amount of the emitted species in the plume and applies an effective reaction rate for the ozone production/destruction during the plume's dilution into the background air. In accordance with previous studies examining the impact of international shipping on the composition of the troposphere, we found that the contribution of ship induced surface NOx to the total reaches 90% over remote ocean and makes 10–30% near coastal regions. Due to ship emissions, surface ozone increases by up to 4–6 ppbv making 10% contribution to the surface ozone budget. When applying the ship plume parameterization, we show that the large scale NOx decreases and the ship NOx contribution is reduced by up to 20–25%. A similar decrease was found in the case of O3. The plume parameterization suppressed the ship induced ozone production by 15–30% over large areas of the studied region. To evaluate the presented parameterization, nitrogen monoxide measurements over the English Channel were compared with modeled values and it was found that after activating the parameterization the model accuracy increases.

scholarly journals INFORMATION SUPPORT OF ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS PARTNERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Kara ◽  
◽  
Iryna Protsyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the features of information support for assessing the impact of business partners in the conditions of international economic activity. Methodical and practical recommendations for the procedure and accumulation of information about the company's partners have been developed. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study there are the works of the Ukrainian and foreign scientists, regulational and legislational laws of Ukraine for information support and evaluation of partnerships of the enterprise. The information factor affects economic growth, efficiency and employment. Information at the enterprise is mainly considered in the form of data collected and systematized in an acceptable form for use, capable of accumulating, sharing and updating. Recently, information is increasingly considered as one of the types of organizational resources that exist in the form of certain scientific knowledge, results of research and development, generalized indicators, norms, standards, recommendations, results of marketing research and more. An important condition for assessing the impact of environmental factors on the production and economic activities of the enterprise is the availability of timely and sufficiently complete information about events, processes, trends that occur in the external environment. The paper also considers the stages of the process of evolution of types of information about the partners of the enterprise, the strategic advantages of the management information system (MIS). It is proposed to develop an information letter about business partners, which is entered in the database and file, as well as to create database management systems. It is also advisable to create an information department at the enterprise, which in particular will assess the impact of the company's partners, as long-term partnerships create their own statistical database for decision-making by the company's management.

Abstract T P29: The Impact of Contrast Based CTA/CTP Brain Attack Protocol on Kidney Function

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Folsom ◽  
Nnadozie Ezerioha ◽  
Pratik Chhatbar ◽  
Swaroop Pawar ◽  
Christina Holmstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Creatinine Level ◽  
Endovascular Therapy ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Stroke Imaging ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
The Impact

Background: We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with contrast based CTA/CTP Brain Attack (BAT) Protocol in a cohort of patients who presented to an academic stroke center with acute stroke symptoms. Methods: Consecutive patients who presented to the Emergency Department with acute stroke symptoms from 01/12 to 12/12 and received CTA/CTP contrast-based BAT protocol were identified and their medical records reviewed. Clinicodemographic information was retrieved. Serum creatinine values at baseline, at discharge, and at a follow-up visit, as well as the highest in-hospital value were recorded. AKI was defined as a 0.3 absolute increase in creatinine level from baseline. A logistic regression was fit to identify the potential predictors for AKI. Results: Of 348 patients had complete information. 37(11%) patients experienced AKI during hospitalization. Of 38 patients, 16 (43%) patients had persistent elevated creatinine at hospital discharge (5 patients also received endovascular therapy); 11(38%) patients returned to baseline, and the rest 10(26%) patients’ creatinine improved but did not return to baseline. No patient develops end stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. Baseline creatinine level (p<0.002), comorbidity index (p=0.05) and endovascular therapy (p=0.01) were the three main predictors of AKI. Race, gender and age were not predictors of AKI. Conclusion: Contrast based CTA/CTP BAT protocol may incur a small risk of AKI in patients but clinical consequences are minimal. Risks seem greater in patients with higher presenting creatinine level, more comorbidities and those receiving additional contrast from endovascular therapy. More data are required to understand the clinical impact of contrast-based CT stroke imaging protocols.

Sponsored Data: Smarter Data Pricing with Incomplete Information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Mei ◽  
Hsing Kenneth Cheng ◽  
Subhajyoti Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Liangfei Qiu ◽  
Lai Wei
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Data Consumption ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Impact

With the development of data-intensive internet services, the world has witnessed explosive growth in mobile data consumption during the last couple of years. The upcoming generation of 5G-capable phones and networks will continue and even accelerate that process. At the same time, consumers are becoming more conscious about their data consumption because their monthly caps of mobile data plans can be easily exhausted by premium content, such as high-definition videos and virtual-reality games. In response, the mobile network operators (MNOs) have proposed a new business model, the so-called sponsored data plans, to subsidize consumers by transferring at least part of the data bills from consumers to content providers. Although industry practitioners claim that sponsored data plans increase consumer welfare, our analysis reveals that the impact of sponsored data on consumer surplus depends crucially on whether the MNO has complete information of the consumers’ valuation of mobile data. Our analysis helps provide a clearer picture of the impact of sponsored data on consumer surplus while reconciling the conflicting views from scholars, digital rights groups, and the network carriers.

scholarly journals Combining Information from Multiple Data Sources to Assess Population Health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trivellore Raghunathan ◽  
Kaushik Ghosh ◽  
Allison Rosen ◽  
Paul Imbriano ◽  
Susan Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Dummy Variables ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Information about an extensive set of health conditions on a well-defined sample of subjects is essential for assessing population health, gauging the impact of various policies, modeling costs, and studying health disparities. Unfortunately, there is no single data source that provides accurate information about health conditions. We combine information from several administrative and survey data sets to obtain model-based dummy variables for 107 health conditions (diseases, preventive measures, and screening for diseases) for elderly (age 65 and older) subjects in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) over the fourteen-year period, 1999–2012. The MCBS has prevalence of diseases assessed based on Medicare claims and provides detailed information on all health conditions but is prone to underestimation bias. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), on the other hand, collects self-reports and physical/laboratory measures only for a subset of the 107 health conditions. Neither source provides complete information, but we use them together to derive model-based corrected dummy variables in MCBS for the full range of existing health conditions using a missing data and measurement error model framework. We create multiply imputed dummy variables and use them to construct the prevalence rate and trend estimates. The broader goal, however, is to use these corrected or modeled dummy variables for a multitude of policy analysis, cost modeling, and analysis of other relationships either using them as predictors or as outcome variables.

EXPORT SUBSIDIES AND THE FIRST-MOVER (DIS)ADVANTAGE

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
MATLOOB PIRACHA
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Investment Choice ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Mover

In the presence of home firm's ability to make a cost-reducing investment before or after the government set its subsidy level, this paper analyzes the impact of timing on the optimal policy of the government. We find that under complete information assumption, the firm will overinvest and consequently, the government will over-subsidize, resulting in lower welfare levels than would arise under non-intervention. We extend the model to the case in which the home firm has private information about its own costs, which it may want to signal to the government through its investment choice. We find that under this setup, the low-cost firm overinvests even more than under full information case, making the policy of non-intervention even more attractive.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts of Multiple Temporal-scale Variations in Particulate Matter on its Source Apportionment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Peng ◽  
Jian Gao ◽  
Guoliang Shi ◽  
Xurong Shi ◽  
Yanqi Huangfu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Temporal Scale ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Time series of pollutant concentrations consist of variations at different time scales that are attributable to many processes/sources (data noise, source intensities, meteorological conditions, climate, etc.). Improving the knowledge of the impact of multiple temporal-scale components on pollutant variations and pollution levels can provide useful information for suitable mitigation strategies for pollutant control during a high pollution episode. To investigate the source factors driving these variations, the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter was used to decompose the time series of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and chemical species into intra-day, diurnal, synoptic, and baseline temporal-scale components (TS components). The synoptic TS component has the largest amplitude and relative contributions (about 50 %) to the total variance of SO42−, NH4+, and OC concentrations. The diurnal TS component has the largest relative contributions to the total variance of PM2.5, NO3−, EC, Ca, and Fe concentrations, ranging from 32 % to 47 %. To investigate the source impacts on PM2.5 from different TS components, four datasets RI (intra-day removed), RD (diurnal removed), RS (synoptic removed), and RBL (baseline removed) were created by respectively removing the intra-day, diurnal, synoptic, and baseline TS component from the original datasets. Multilinear Engine 2 (ME-2) and/or principal component analysis was applied to these four datasets as well as the original datasets for source apportionment. ME-2 solutions using the original and RI dataset identify crustal dust contributions. For the solutions from original, RI, RD, and RS datasets, the total primary source impacts are close, ranging from 35.1 to 40.4 μg m−3 during the entire sampling period. For the secondary source impacts, solutions from the original, RI and RD dataset give similar source impacts (about 30 μg m−3), which were higher than the impacts derived from the RS datasets (21.2 μg m−3).

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