scholarly journals On the Problems of Police Services in the States of the Muslim East: the Middle Ages and the Modern Period

Islamovedenie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Petrovich Litvinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
National Security ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Phenomena ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article is devoted to the history of the police in the states of the Muslim East in the Middle Ages and the modern period. According to the author, the police appeared in the tribal com-munities of this region even before the emergence of the state and performed, among other things, the functions of political investigation. In the countries of the Muslim East, the formation of the police was determined by the general regularities of global change, as well as the specificity of Islam as a religion and Sharia as legislation. The article identifies the historical models and reveals the na-ture of the institution of the police in the Muslim world, including their national security functions. Much attention is paid to the activities of the religious police in Central Asia. According to the au-thor, their abolition in Russian Turkestan revealed many negative phenomena that had existed earli-er in the life of Muslim society in the pre-Russian period. The author concludes that in the states of the Muslim East as a whole the police played a historically positive role in the development of the region.

Fremde gegen Bürger. Zivilgerichtspraxis am Beispiel des Duisburger Notgerichts im 16. Jahrhundert

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Andrea Bendlage
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
Legal Security ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractSince the Middle Ages, hospitable courts played a central role in the complex judicial landscape of the pre-modern age for the conflict resolution of parties of different regional origins, because civil disputes could be dealt with more quickly if at least one plaintiff or defendant was a (legal) stranger. With the obvious relationship between (social) belonging and law established by these courts, questions of asymmetries in law come to the fore, which under the common keywords of inequality, integration and exclusion are a leading interest of research in the history of law, culture and crime, but which have so far hardly been dealt with in research within the framework of civil court practice. The Duisburg Hospitable Court shows that the historical civil proceedings concerning non-repaid loans, undelivered goods or disputed estates were no less important for social stability and order in the pre-modern period than criminal proceedings, even though social integration and exclusion were not the core issues of a civil lawsuit. Since the Middle Ages, hospitable courts concerned themselves with communication and trade practices and at the same time constituted an institution that offered legal security for both foreigners and locals. This was still true in the early modern period, which generally stands for a time that became increasingly hardened towards strangers and people on the move.

Ordinamenti by Pavel Saltzman: a novel about Central Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Eleonora F. Shafranskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Educational Discourse ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Literature ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article presents a mythopoetic analysis of Pavel Saltzman’s novel “Central Asia in the Middle Ages (or the Middle Ages in Central Asia)” (1930–1950), published for the first time in 2018. The content of the article is aimed at practical educational discourse related to a number of literary problems: the study of the work of a previously unknown, but very significant for the history of literature writer; the study of Russian literature as the text devoted to the different ethnic culture (the existential myth by Saltzman is considered as binary opposition personified in the images of the bird Simurg and the giant Zakhak which is actualized in the literature of the XXI century — in the novels by G. Yakhina “Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes” and V. Medvedev “Zahhok”, unexpectedly rendering new overtones to modern literature); the orientalist and postorientalist studies (comparing prose Saltzman with the work of his contemporaries — A. Platonov, L. Solovyov, S. Krzhyzhanovsky. The author comes to the conclusion that Salzman’s text, despite the theme and title of the novel, is an example of neorientalist prose: all the patterns of traditional orientalism are given by Salzman differently, not from the standard point of view of a Western person.

scholarly journals Na szczycie wulkanu. O wyprawach na Heklę i Snæfellsjökull w XVIII i XIX wieku

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 297-315
Author(s):  
Radosław Jakubczyk
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Foreign Woman ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present paper gives an overview of the history of climbing on Hekla and Snæfellsjökull, Iceland’s most famous volcanoes, in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, Hekla was compared to the gates of hell due to its frequent and violent eruptions. Snæfellsjökull was considered a supernatural space and a domain of Bárður, the eponymous hero of Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss. The author analyses a wide range of sources: Reise igiennem Island by Bjarni Pálsson and Eggert Ólafsson (who reached the summits of Hekla and Snæfellsjökull in 1750 and 1754, respectively), British (from Banks to Burton) and French (from Gaimard to Labonne) travelogues, Ida Pfeiffer’s journals (who was the first foreign woman to climb Hekla).

scholarly journals Ōta Gyūichi. “Shinchō-kō ki”. Book XI (part 1)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1312-1341
Author(s):  
S. A. Polkhov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Middle Ages

This publication is a continuation in the series of academic translations of the books of Shinchō-kō ki chronicle into Russian. Shinchō-kō ki is a biography of the “unifier of Japan” Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582). One of the most important sources on the history of Japan (the end of the Middle Ages – the beginning of the Early Modern period), it was finally formed at the turn of the 16th–17th centuries. The author of the chronicle is Nobunaga’s vassal called O̅ta Gyu̅ichi (1527–1613?). The book 11 mainly provides accounts about the military campaign of other vassals of Nobunaga against powerful Mo̅ri house and its allies. The latter was joined by Bessho Nagaharu, one of the influential lords of Harima province. The first academic translation of Shinchō- kō ki into Russian is supplied with a detailed commentary. In this commentary, the records as found in the chronicle are compared against other sources. Besides, in the commentary, the author of the translation offers his interpretation of the complicated passages from Shinchō-kō ki along with their traditional interpretations as found in the scholarly literature.

scholarly journals Od synchronizacji do wizualizacji. Prezentacja dziejów na kartach średniowiecznych kronik uniwersalnych

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Jacek Soszyński
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Graphical System ◽  
Eusebius Of Caesarea ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article deals with the development of graphical systems of presenting history in universal chronicles on the instances of Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome in late antiquity, Martinus Polonus in the thirteenth century, and Werner Rolevinck at the break of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. With the translation of the Eusebius’ Chronikoi Canones performed by Jerome, the synchronistic table was introduced into the Western historiographical tradition. This form of presenting history became firmly rooted in Latin chronicles, in particular within the genre of universal chronicles, which endeavoured to recount the history of mankind from Adam to the Final Judgement, and were very popular well into the early modern period. The author argues that the chronicles of Eusebius/Jerome and Martinus Polonus simply utilized synchronicity, in their pursuit to produce encyclopaedic works, aimed at the scholarly reader. In their intention, the synchronistic table was a technical means for a more effective presentation of past events. With Werner Rolevinck the case was different. The layout introduced by him was no longer asynchronistic table, but an attempt at visualizing history, with very little attention paid to precise dating of various events and persons. He constructed his complicated graphical system for religious purposes, to contemplate the magnificence of God’s creation, in accordance with the ideas of the devotio moderna, and destined his work for a much wider audience than scholars.

scholarly journals Ōta Gyūichi. “Shinchō-kō ki”. Book VIII (part 2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 938-967
Author(s):  
S. A. Polkhov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Book Viii ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

The publication provides a commented translation into Russian of the book VIII of Shinchō ō ki chronicle. The article continues the series of translations of books of Shinchō ō ki, published by the author. Shinchō ō ki is a biography of the so called “unifier of Japan” Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582). This is one of the most important sources on the history of Japan in the end of the Middle Ages – beginning of the Early Modern period. This present redaction dates back most likely to the 16th – beginning of the 17th cent. The author of the chronicle is O̅ ta Gyu̅ ichi (1527–1613?) the vassal of Nobunaga. This part of the chronicle describes the campaign of Oda Nobunaga in 1575 in the province of Echizen, which had previously come under the control of the Ikko̅ -ikki forces. Having brutally dealt with Ikko̅ -ikki’s supporters, Nobunaga regained his power over Echizen. Scroll VIII contains the text of Nobunaga's instructions to his vassal Shibata Katsuie. Katsuie was to be guided by these instructions when governing Echizen province. In addition, in this part of his work, O:̅ta Gyu̅ iti narrates about other important events, in particular, the assignment to the “unifier of Japan” posts at the Imperial court, as well as the transfer by Nobunaga of the headship of the Oda house to his eldest son Nobutada. The first academic translation of Shinchō ō ki into Russian is accompanied by a detailed commentary. The present author offers there a comparison between the data found in the chronicle against other sources. In addition, in the commentary comprises the authors interpretation of the difficult passages from the Shinchō ō ki along the traditional views on their meaning as expressed in the modern scholarship.

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages
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