Lay Theories of Emotion: 4. Reactions to Negative and Positive Emotional Episodes

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisheva Ben-Artzi ◽  
Mario Mikulincer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Causal Search ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Emotional Episodes

Seven studies assessed the relation between lay theories of emotion (“threat” and “benefit” appraisal) and cognitions and behaviors in positive and negative emotional episodes. Studies 1 and 2 examined such a relation via the assessment of the habitual cognitions and behaviors persons evince in negative (Study 1) and positive emotional states. Studies 3 through 7 assessed whether and how appraisals of emotion affect some frequently observed cognitive-behavioral consequences of positive and negative affect induction, such as self-focused off-task cognitions, causal attribution, helping behavior, optimism, and creativity. Threat appraisal of emotion was related to negative self-evaluation, off-task cognitions, pessimism, and passivity during negative emotions, and to causal search during positive emotions. Benefit appraisal was related to active coping with, and emotional expressiveness of negative emotions and to the generalization of positive emotions to other behavioral-cognitive areas (altruism, optimism, creativity). The results are discussed in terms of a goal approach to emotion and personality.

Lay Theories of Emotion: 2. Interindividual and Intraindividual Variance in the Appraisal of Emotions

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisheva Ben-Artzi ◽  
Mario Mikulincer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Appraisal Process ◽  
Current Mood ◽  
Cognitive Differentiation ◽  
Positive And Negative Emotions

Consistency of lay theories of emotion across particular emotional states and the cognitive differentiation of those states was assessed. In Study 1, the Lay Theories of Emotion (LTE) questionnaires was completed with reference to four negative emotions. In Study 2, subjects answered the LTE with reference to four positive emotions. In Study 3, the LTE was filled out with reference to two negative emotions and two positive emotions. In Study 4, the LTE was filled out every day for a period of four weeks with reference to a person's current mood. Results indicated that subjects' scores in the LTE factors were found to be consistent across various positive and negative emotions. The findings also indicated that an emotion-specific component contributed to the explanation of intraindividual variance in the appraisal of different emotions. Specifically, individual differences in the appraisal process remained fairly stable over a variety of emotions and moods and the LTE factors were found to significantly discriminate among the various emotions assessed.

scholarly journals Temporal dependency of emotional states at work and its relationship with dynamic performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelina De Longis ◽  
Guido Alessandri
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Emotion Dynamics ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
And Performance

Emotion dynamics, how people’s emotions fluctuate across time, represent a key source of information about people’s psychological functioning and well-being. Investigating emotion dynamics in the workplace is particularly relevant, as affective experiences are intimately connected to organizational behavior and effectiveness. In this study, we examined the moderating role of emotional inertia in the dynamic association between both positive and negative emotions and self-rated job performance among a sample of 120 Italian workers (average age 41.4, SD = 14), which were prompted six times per day, for five working days. Emotional inertia refers to the extent that emotional states are self-predictive or carry on over time and is measured in terms of the autocorrelation of emotional states across time. Although inertia has been linked to several indicators of maladjustment, little is known about its correlates in terms of organizational behavior. Findings revealed that workers reporting high levels of positive emotions and high inertia rated their performance lower than workers high in positive emotions, but low in inertia. In contrast, the relation between negative emotions and performance was not significant for either high levels of inertia or low levels of inertia. Taken together, these results suggest the relevance of investigating the temporal dependency of emotional states at work.

Pre-performance emotions and music performance anxiety beliefs in young musicians

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Kaleńska-Rodzaj
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Guided Imagery ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Performance Anxiety ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Music Performance Anxiety ◽  
Practical Implications

The aim of this study is to investigate the structure and complexity of emotional states experienced by young musicians before entering the stage and to explain the influence of emotional beliefs on their pre-performance emotions. Emotions were elicited with a guided imagery induction, where 222 students aged 9- to 12-years-old recalled their most recent concert memory. They described their emotions on the list of 18 emotions (nine pairs of contrary emotions) and answered three questions measuring music performance anxiety (MPA) beliefs: MPA utility beliefs, MPA regulation beliefs, and audience attitude beliefs. The cluster analysis results show the complexity and multiplicity of emotional states reported by young musicians. Five emotional profiles vary from negative emotions of fear and sadness (High MPA) through a mixture of positive and negative emotions (Moderate MPA, Hesitation, Ambivalence) to positive emotions of confidence, courage and happiness (Composure-Confidence). Beliefs that MPA has negative impact on performance, beliefs of inefficacy in managing MPA and perceived audience pressure rather than support were related to High and Moderate MPA profiles. Practical implications for music education are discussed.

scholarly journals Validation of the Scale of Emotional States in the Physical Education Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trigueros ◽  
Aguilar-Parra ◽  
Cangas ◽  
Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Order Model

The purpose of the present study was to validate an instrument of student emotional experiences in the Spanish Physical Education context. The sample of participants consisted of 864 secondary education students from various educational institutions of Spain who ranged in age from 13 to 19 years. To assess the psychometric properties of the Scale of Emotions in Physical Education (SEPE), various types of analyses were conducted. The factor structure of the SEPE was examined through confirmatory factorial analysis in relation to two models. In the first model, it was proposed that the eight first order factors, which represented the eight emotional states, would be correlated amongst each other. In the second model, an eight-factor model with two higher order factors was proposed, with these higher order factors representing distinct sets of positive and negative emotions. The results provide support the presence of an eight-factor second order model which consisted of sets of four positive emotions and four negative emotions. These results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEPE within the Spanish Physical Education context.

scholarly journals МОЖЛИВОСТІ АНАЛІЗУ ВАРІАБЕЛЬНОСТІ РИТМУ СЕРЦЯ В ДІАГНОСТИЦІ ЕМОЦІЙНОГО СТАНУ ЛЮДИНИ

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
І. Chaykovskyi ◽  
V. Kalnysh ◽  
Т. Yena ◽  
А. Yena ◽  
Yu. Vyrovyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
The Third

The is presented the development of method for evaluation of emotional state of man, what suitable for use at the workplace based on analysis of heart rate (HR) variability.28 healthy volunteers were examined. 3 audiovisual clips were consistently presented on the display of the personal computer for each of them. One clip contained information originating the positive emotions, the second one – negative emotions, the third one – neutral. All possible pairs of the emotional states were analysed with help of one- and multi-dimensional linear discriminant analysis based on HR variability.Showing the emotional video-clips (of both signs) causes reliable slowing of HR frequency and also some decreasing of HR variability. In addition, negative emotions cause regularizing and simplification of structural organization of heart rhythm. Accuracy of discrimination for pair “emotional – neutral” video clips was 98 %, for pair “rest – neutral” was 74 %, for pair “positive – negative” was 91 %.Analysis of HR variability enables to determine the emotional state of observed person at the workplace with high reliability.

Selg-regulation of aggressive behavior of convicted persons with disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Aligaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Psychological Service ◽  
The People ◽  
Low Degree

This article provides an overview of modern research related to aggressive behavior, ways to control and correct it. The article also displays the results of a pilot study, the main purpose of which is to identify as a need for communication is interconnected with the dominant emotional state of a disabled convict (in particular, with negative emotions − anger, aggression). The basis of the study is the separation of emotional states by E. P. Ilyin. We considered only communicative emotional states, in particular, the emphasis was on negative emotions (anger/aggression). The study was conducted on the basis of correctional colony −2 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Ryazan; in total, 34 people took part. The main empirical methods used were a survey, «Need for Communication», a scale of differential emotions. In working with the people, the ethical principles of the psychologist were observed. We have observed the principles of respect, confidentiality (non-disclosure of medical information about the subject), responsibility, honesty. The study was conducted individually with each man. The convict was offered a protocol with tasks that were performed in the presence of the experimenter. It was revealed that disabled convicts have a great need for interpersonal interaction, while they experience positive emotions, and in rare cases, anxious and depressive ones. The low degree of manifestation of anger and aggression towards other people is most likely associated with indulgence, tolerance, awareness and acceptance of not only their own shortcomings, but also others. A large role here can be attributed to the influence of the psychological service, mainly to self-regulatory skills training.

scholarly journals Bienestar emocional en la vejez avanzada: estudio comparativo por edad y género

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Belén Navarro ◽  
Belén Bueno Martínez ◽  
José Buz Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Very Old ◽  
And Gender

Resumen: En la vejez avanzada, los estados emocionales se convierten en el motivo más importante para mantener la satisfacción con la vida. En este estudio se ha examinado el papel de las emociones positivas y negativas sobre el juicio de satisfacción vital en la vejez avanzada, así como las diferencias de edad y género en una muestra de 400 personas muy mayores de Salamanca, con edades comprendidas entre los 75 y 104 años. Los resultados muestran una mayor frecuencia de emociones positivas, siendo las más frecuentes estar atento, sentirse activo y fuerte y, las menos frecuentes, estar entusiasmado e inspirado. Entre los sentimientos negativos más frecuentes destacan sentirse inquieto, expectante y nervioso, y como menos frecuentes sentirse culpable, hostil y avergonzado. Además, aparecen diferencias de edad (quienes tienen entre 75 y 84 años se sienten más activos, entusiasmados e inspirados) y de género (las mujeres muy mayores se sienten más inquietas, nerviosas, orgullosas, temerosas, asustadas y perturbadas). Por otra parte, el análisis de regresión múltiple pone de manifiesto que permanecer animado, alegre, vigilante y alerta frente a los sucesos resulta funcional en el mantenimiento de la satisfacción vital de las personas de 75 y más años. Estos resultados confirman que las emociones positivas son un recurso potencial para la resiliencia psicológica en la vejez avanzada. Emotional well-being in advanced old age: comparative study by age and gender Abstract: In very old age, emotional states become the most important reason to maintain life satisfaction. In this study we examined the role of positive and negative emotions on the judgment of life satisfaction in advanced old age and the age and gender differences in a sample of 400 elderly people of Salamanca, aged between 75 and 104. The results show a higher frequency of positive emotions than negative, with the most frequent of the former being attentive, active and strong, and the less frequent ones being excited and inspired. Among the more frequent negative emotions are feeling jittery, nervous and alert, and the less frequent ones are feeling guilty, hostile and ashamed. In addition, there are differences in terms of both age (people aged between 75 and 84 are more active, enthusiastic and inspired) and gender (very old women are more jittery, nervous, proud, afraid, scared and upset). Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that remaining lively, happy, interested and alert to events is essential for maintaining the life satisfaction of people aged over 75. These results confirm that positive emotions are a potential resource for psychological resilience in advanced old age.

scholarly journals The effects of induced emotions on environmental preferences and behavior: An experimental study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0258045
Author(s):  
Lisette Ibanez ◽  
Sébastien Roussel
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Behavioral Consistency ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Environmental Preferences ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
The Impact

Communication policies employed by policymakers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often appeal to the emotions to persuade people to adopt virtuous behavior. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of induced emotions on pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We design a three-stage laboratory experiment. In the first stage, we determine the level of the subjects’ environmental awareness. In the second stage, subjects read scripts that place them in realistic hypothetical scenarios designed to induce specific emotions. We implement a 2 x 2 in-between design by varying both the valence and social dimension of the four emotional states induced: happiness, sadness, pride and shame. In the third stage, subjects play a modified dictator game in which the recipient is an environmental non-governmental organization (ENGO). We show that the emotional states of subjects can influence PEB. In particular, negative emotions significantly reduce the average individual amount of donations made to ENGOs. We also find that the precise impact of the emotional states is more complex and appears to be dependent on individuals’ characteristics and awareness for environmental issues. For instance, in positive emotional states, men donate significantly less than women. In addition, a high level of environmental awareness increases donations in subjects experiencing shame and decreases their likelihood to donate when feeling pride. Also, we observe behavioral consistency for negative emotions and rather compensatory behavior for positive emotions.

scholarly journals Emociones en aulas con Neuroeducación: diagnóstico en el contexto universitario

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Kenna Josefina Ferrer Villasmil ◽  
Lorelis Molero Rodríguez ◽  
Anirelis Leal Pacheco ◽  
Omaira Añez Fernández ◽  
María De los Ángeles Araque
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The University

Actualmente está científicamente probado que las emociones desempeñan un papel decisivo en la formación de la memoria. Por esta razón, en educación, el docente es pieza fundamental para incluir este aspecto en la enseñanza, planificando y creando acontecimientos didácticos emocionalmente positivos en el aula. En consonancia con ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las emociones predominantes en los estudiantes de Química Analítica de la Escuela de Bioanálisis de la Universidad del Zulia luego de aplicar un programa de estrategias neurodidácticas basadas en la memoria de largo plazo. La investigación fue descriptiva, no experimental, transeccional, de campo, conformada por una población de 197 estudiantes correspondientes a los períodos académicos U-2015 y I-2016, bajo un muestreo por conveniencia. Para el procesamiento de los datos se emplearon técnicas descriptivas y prueba t de Student para muestras independientes a través del programa SPSS®. Los resultados revelaron predominio de emociones positivas de inspiración, agradecimiento y amor en ambos grupos experimentales; seguidos de alegría, orgullo, esperanza y diversión (también alto). Por otro lado, la emoción negativa más ponderada en ambas poblaciones fue la vergüenza (nivel bajo), seguido de enojo (U-2015), ansiedad y miedo (I-2016). El resto de las emociones negativas se presentaron a nivel muy bajo. Finalmente, al comparar los estados emocionales de los estudiantes en ambos períodos se obtuvo que el estado emocional positivo predominó sobre el estado emocional negativo (p<0.05), señalando así, que la metodología aplicada bajo el enfoque de las neurociencias influyó eficaz y satisfactoriamente en las emociones de los estudiantes. PALABRAS CLAVE: neuroeducación; emociones; emociones positivas; emociones negativas; memoria. Emotions in aulas with Neuroeducation: diagnostic in the university context ABSTRACT It is currently scientifically proven that emotions play a decisive role in memory formation. For this reason, in education, the teacher is fundamental to include this aspect in teaching, planning and creating emotionally positive didactic events in the classroom. In line with this, the objective of this study was to analyze the prevailing emotions in the students of Analytical Chemistry of the School of Bioanalysis of the University of Zulia after implementing a program of neurodidactic strategies based on the long-term memory. The research was descriptive, non-experimental, transactional, field, consisting of a population of 197 students corresponding to the academic periods U-2015 and I-2016, under a sampling for convenience. For the processing of the data, descriptive techniques and student t-test were used for independent samples through the SPSS® program. The results revealed predominance of positive emotions of inspiration, gratitude, and love in both experimental groups; followed by joy, pride, hope and fun (also high). On the other hand, the most weighted negative emotion in both populations (low level) was shame. Then anger (U-2015), anxiety and fear (I-2016), also low. All other negative emotions were presented at an exceptionally low level. Finally, comparing the emotional states of the students in both periods it was obtained that the positive emotional state dominated the negative emotional state (p<0.05), thus noting, that the methodology applied under the approach of neurosciences effectively and satisfactorily influenced students' emotions. KEYWORDS: neuroeducation; emotions; positive emotions; negative emotions; memory.

Understanding Your Emotions—What Is an Emotion?

2017 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
David H. Barlow ◽  
Shannon Sauer-Zavala ◽  
Todd J. Farchione ◽  
Heather Murray Latin ◽  
Kristen K. Ellard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Transdiagnostic Treatment ◽  
Unified Protocol ◽  
And Behaviors

Chapter 5 of Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Workbook teaches that emotions are necessary and helpful in our day-to-day lives and explains why we wouldn’t actually want to get rid of all “bad” feelings. Instead of getting rid of negative emotions, the goal of this treatment is to help people respond differently when these emotions come up. The chapter looks at how emotions (such as fear, sadness, anxiety, and anger, as well as positive emotions, like happiness, excitement, and pride) can go from providing useful input to feeling totally overwhelming. Emotional experiences are made less overwhelming by breaking them down into more manageable parts—thoughts, physical sensations, and behaviors.

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