scholarly journals Are Increasing 5-Year Survival Rates Evidence of Success Against Cancer? A Reexamination Using Data from the U.S. and Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Relative Survival Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Related Mortality

Previous investigators argued that increasing 5-year survival for cancer patients should not be taken as evidence of improved prevention, screening, or therapy, because they found little correlation between the change in 5-year survival for a specific tumor and the change in tumor-related mortality. However, they did not control for the change in incidence, which influences mortality and is correlated with 5-year survival. The purpose of this study was to reexamine the question of whether increasing 5-year survival rates constitute evidence of success against cancer. We estimate the relationship across cancer sites between long-run changes in population-based mortality rates and both (1) changes in 5-year relative survival rates, and (2) changes in incidence rates, using data from both the U.S. and Australia. We analyze two outcome measures, and the relationship between them: the unconditional mortality rate (number of deaths per 100,000 population), and the 5-year relative survival rate. When incidence growth is controlled for, there is a highly significant correlation, in both the U.S. and Australia, between the change in 5-year survival for a specific tumor and the change in tumor-related mortality. The increase in the relative survival rate is estimated to have reduced the unconditional mortality rate by about 15% in the U.S. between 1976 and 2002, and by about 15% in Australia between 1984 and 2001. While the change in the 5-year survival rate is not a perfect measure of progress against cancer, in part because it is potentially subject to lead-time bias, it does contain useful information; its critics may have been unduly harsh. Part of the long-run increase in 5-year cancer survival rates is due to improved prevention, screening, or therapy.

scholarly journals Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma High Incidence And Poor Survival In Finnish Population-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inka Puhakka ◽  
Hanne Kuitunen ◽  
Pekka Jäkälä ◽  
Eila Sonkajärvi ◽  
Taina Turpeenniemi-Hujanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Relative Survival Rate

Abstract Background: We report here the first population-based incidence rates and prognosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in Finland. Methods: Finnish Cancer Registry data by histological diagnosis and tumor location (2007-2017) for cases with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Results: During 2007–2017, 392 new cases of PCNSL were reported (195 males, 197 females). The average age-adjusted incidence was 0.68/100.000 person-years. Incidence for males was 0.74/100.000 and for females 0.63/100.000, respectively. The incidence was highest, 2.93/100.000, among people aged 75–79 years. Concerning all cases in 2007-2017 the 2-year age-adjusted relative survival rate was 35% and the corresponding 5-year survival rate was 28%. Among patients under the age of 70, the age-adjusted 5-year relative survival rate increased from 36% in 2007-2012 to 43% for 2013-2017. Among patients aged 70+ the corresponding survival rates were poor, 7% and 9%.Conclusions: PCNSL incidence in Finland is among the highest reported in the world. The annual increase in incidence was 2.4%. The prognosis is still dismal, especially in elderly patients.

scholarly journals Period Analysis of Intraracial Differences in Incidence and Survival Rates in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lili Han ◽  
Sulaiya Husaiyin ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Miherinisha Maimaiti ◽  
Mayinuer Niyazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Relative Survival Rate ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
The Difference

Background. To explain the difference in the incidence and relative survival in a population-based cohort of women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) postdiagnosis in the last forty years. EOC is the most common type of all ovarian cancers, but there is inadequate information about the variations related to long-term EOC survival. Methods. We acquired the incidence and relative survival rate data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries to analyze the epidemiological variations from 1974 to 2013 in EOC-affected individuals. The survival disparities in EOC-specific individuals due to age, race, and socioeconomic status (SES) were performed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The Results. The overall incidence of EOC progressively declined to 9.0 per 100,000 from 11.4 in the last forty years. The median survival rate improved to 48 months in the first decade from a previous of 27 months in the fourth decade. The 5-year relative survival rate (RSR) increased to 44.3% that was previously 32.3% at the same time. However, between whites and blacks, an increase from 11 to 18 months was observed in the median survival differences. Between the low and high poverty groups, it was increased from 7 months to 12 months, respectively. Conclusions. The incidence rate of RSR and EOC-specific individuals in the last forty years was improved. However, the survival rates among different races and SES differed over time.

Electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghazali Ismail ◽  
Arlinah Abd Rashid ◽  
Azlina Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship and causality direction between electricity consumption and economic growth is an important issue in the fields of energy economics and policies towards energy use. Extensive literatures has discussed the issue, but the array of findings provides anything but consensus on either the existence of relations or direction of causality between the variables. This study extends research in this area by studying the long-run and causal relations between economic growth, electricity consumption, labour and capital based on the neo-classical one sector aggregate production technology mode using data of electricity consumption and real GDP for ASEAN from the year 1983 to 2012. The analysis is conducted using advanced panel estimation approaches and found no causality in the short run while in the long-run, the results indicate that there are bidirectional relationship among variables. This study provides supplementary evidences of relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN.

scholarly journals The Environmental Pollution Effects of Industrial Agglomeration

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suxia Liu ◽  
Yingming Zhu ◽  
Weiqiang Wang ◽  
Yu Pei ◽  
Kuanqi Du
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Industrial Agglomeration ◽  
Solow Model ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

To analyze the environmental pollution effects elicited by industrial agglomeration, a spatial econometric model is constructed based on the Green Solow model. Using data derived from 285 Chinese cities between 2003and 2014, the global Moran'I and local bivariate LISA agglomeration map demonstrates that there is significant correlation between industrial agglomeration and industrial pollution discharge. Then, the spatial Durbin model (SDM) is built and the empirical results are as follows. First, inter-city industrial pollution discharge has a demonstration effect. Cites in the same region should take measures to cooperate to lower industrial pollution discharge. Second, the relationship between the local cities' industrial agglomeration and the local cities' industrial pollution discharge fits the inverted “U” curve. While the neighboring cities' industrial agglomeration will decrease the local cities' industrial pollution discharge. So, measures should be taken to increase the industrial agglomeration degree in the long run.

scholarly journals Investigating in the J-curve phenomenon in Tunisia- ARDL bound test approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5(J)) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Elham Shubaita ◽  
Muhammad Mar’i ◽  
Mehdi Seraj
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
J Curve ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Bound Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ardl Bound Test

This paper investigates the relationship between trade balance, real exchange rates, and incomes in Tunisia by adopting the autoregressive distributed model (ARDL) by using data over the period of 1980 to 2018. We also used the bound test cointegration between variables at a 10% significant level. Our findings show that the Tunisia economy does not match the Marshall-Lerner condition in the long run, that provides an accurate description of the particular situation for which a country currency devaluation or depreciation its currency under both fixed or floating regime is predicted to enhance the trade balance of a country, which means there is no j-curve phenomenon in the long run, which tries to differentiate between the change of short-run and long-run effects in the change of exchange rate on the trade balance. Our findings match the Marshall-Lerner condition in the short run and can confirm the existing j-curve in the case of Tunisia.

scholarly journals Motivation and Academic Performance: An Inter-country Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p70
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Gale ◽  
Clifford Nowell
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Detrimental Impact ◽  
The U.S ◽  
External Motivation

The objective of this paper is to explore the impact of amotivation on academic performance and to test whether the impact of motivation on academic performance differs across students from China and the U.S. Using data from Chinese and U.S. students located in their home countries, we find amotivation negatively impacts academic performance of both groups of students. We also show that external motivation is positively associated with academic achievement. While these findings are consistent with results from previous studies, we extend the understanding on the relationship between motivation and academic performance by demonstrating that the magnitude of the detrimental impact of amotivation differs between students in the two countries and that the positive impact of higher levels of external motivation provides similar benefits for both groups of students.

scholarly journals Increase in Distant Stage Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in US Women Aged 25–49 Years, 2000–2011: The Stage Migration Hypothesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Polednak
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Stage Migration ◽  
Relative Survival Rate ◽  
Regional Stage ◽  
Er Positive ◽  
Using Data

Background.Unexplained increases have been reported in incidence rates for breast cancer diagnosed at distant stage in younger U.S. women, using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program.Methods.This report focused on recent SEER trends (2000–2011) in age-standardized incidence rates of invasive breast cancer at ages 25–39 and 40–49 years and the hypothesis that stage migration may have resulted from advances in detecting distant metastases at diagnosis.Results.Increases in the rates for distant stage were roughly equal to decreases in the rates for the most advanced stage subgroups within regional stage; this was evident for estrogen receptor (ER) negative cancers, associated with poorer prognosis, but not for ER positive cancers. The 3-year relative survival rate increased over time for distant stage (especially in the ER positive subgroup) and regional stage but not for localized stage; these trends do not contradict the stage-migration hypothesis.Conclusions.Findings provide some support for stage migration as one explanation for the recent increase in incidence of distant stage breast cancer, but additional studies are needed using other databases.

scholarly journals CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_5) ◽  
pp. v1-v100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn T Ostrom ◽  
Gino Cioffi ◽  
Haley Gittleman ◽  
Nirav Patil ◽  
Kristin Waite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Relative Survival Rate

AbstractThe Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, is the largest population-based registry focused exclusively on primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States (US) and represents the entire US population. This report contains the most up-to-date population-based data on primary brain tumors available and supersedes all previous reports in terms of completeness and accuracy. All rates are age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population and presented per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 23.41 (Malignant AAAIR = 7.08, non-Malignant AAAIR = 16.33). This rate was higher in females compared to males (25.84 versus 20.82), Whites compared to Blacks (23.50 versus 23.34), and non-Hispanics compared to Hispanics (23.84 versus 21.28). The most commonly occurring malignant brain and other CNS tumor was glioblastoma (14.6% of all tumors), and the most common non-malignant tumor was meningioma (37.6% of all tumors). Glioblastoma was more common in males, and meningioma was more common in females. In children and adolescents (age 0–19 years), the incidence rate of all primary brain and other CNS tumors was 6.06. An estimated 86,010 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in the US in 2019 (25,510 malignant and 60,490 non-malignant). There were 79,718 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2012 and 2016. This represents an average annual mortality rate of 4.42. The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 35.8%, and the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 91.5%.

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